Michael Jordan :: Biography Biographies History Sports Essays

Michael JordanMichael Jordan, the best known athlete in the world, was a leading scorekeeper in the National Basketball Association (NBA), who guide the shekels Bulls to many NBA championships. He is, by far, the best basketball caprioleer in the history of the game. Jordan was born in Brooklyn, New York, and raised in Wilmington, North Carolina. He accepted a basketball scholarship from the University of North Carolina and as a freshman scored the winning basket in the 1982 NCAA championship game against the Hoyas of Georgetown. Jordan was selected college player of the social class for the 1983-1984 season, and in 1984 he led the United States basketball team to a gold medal at the Olympic Games in Los Angeles.Jordan left college in 1984 to play with the Bulls. He finished his graduation season (1984-1985) as one of the top scorers in the league, with an average of 28.2 points per game. He was also named rookie of the year and made the first of his nine All-Star game appearanc es. Jordan finished the 1986-1987 season as the second player, after Wilt Chamberlain, to score more than 3000 points in a single season. He led the NBA in scoring for seven consecutive seasons (1987-1993), tying Chamberlains record, and averaged more than 30 points per game in each season. He also became the Bulls all-time leading scorer and set numerous scoring records, including most points in a playoff game (63 points against the Boston Celtics in 1986) and highest scoring average for an NBA championship series (41 points per game in the 1993 NBA finals). He led the Chicago Bulls to their first NBA championship title in 1991 with Jordan, the Bulls won again in 1992 and 1993. In addition to his three league virtually Valuable Player awards (1988, 1991, 1992), Jordan won the All-Star game MVP award twice (1988, 1996) and a record three-consecutive NBA championship series MVP awards (1991-1993). Jordan was also a genus Phallus of the United States Olympic basketball team, known a s the Dream Team, that captured the gold medal at the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona, Spain.Stating that he had lost his desire to play professional basketball, Jordan announced his retirement prior to the 1993-1994 season. Initially noted for his scoring, his tenacious defensive play had made him one of the greatest all-around basketball players in NBA history. He had also become a worldwide celebrity due to his success in the NBA and the Olympics, and his numerous commercial endorsements.

One Event Changed Everything Essay -- Personal Narrative Writing

One Event Changed Everything Our lives are not determined by what happens to us but by how we react to what happens, not by what life brings to us, but by the office we bring to life. A positive attitude causes a chain reaction of positive thoughts, events, and forbiddencomes. It is a catalyst, a spark off that creates extraordinary results. -Anon. After living in a place I loved for eleven classs, I did not think that I would be fit to have the similar feelings or emotions towards an opposite place. I thought everything I had was where I had been for years, but I was wrong. If you go into something new with a good attitude and know that there is always something else out there, then it works out for the best. Moving to Reno, Nevada from Glendale, Arizona defines me and is significant to my life because it made me grow as a person and it made me who I am today. In the middle of junior year, my parents told me that we were moving to Reno for my dads ne w job. I said, Okay, I will be living with Andri then, so I can graduate from Mountain Ridge? Boy was I wrong. I thought that since I only had a year and a half left of school day before graduating that they would let me stay at my brother and sister-in-laws house so I could graduate with my friends. They had other plans for me. They decided that I should go with them so I could make new friends and start a new life, while keeping my friends from Arizona at the same time. So I went with it. I thought that maybe the change would be good for me. I also thought that I would have a find at living my dream of becoming a high school cheerleader something I did not get to pursue at my old high school because of the competition. So I went into the move with... ...great time anyway. After competition, the season was coming to an end. We had a couple of basketball games to go and then my dream would be over. The friends I met and the experiences I shared with them are never goi ng to be forgotten. Graduation was next a time when I would have to say goodbye to everyone that I had become close to. I had a blast the year and a half I spent in Reno. Like I said before, it was a life changing event that changed me for the better, made me the person I am today, and it defines me. I am a spirited, outgoing, athletic, strong, and a willing person. All of these characteristics I observed about myself after moving away from the place and the friends I thought I would never be able to leave. There are millions of people and places out there, all you need to do is be willing to get out there and try something new.

E.e. Cummings, Poem, Anyone Li Essay -- essays research papers

E.E. Cummings"anyone lived in a pretty how town"     I first pronounce this poem and I thought of love, two people in love. Anyone and noone are in love and that is what matters to them, to be in love with each other and with life. It involves the day, the night, and how the weather changes. The seasons revolve and the children grow up to become adults. As I read the poem I realized there were three sections to it. Which consist of anyone and noone, "women and men" in line four, and the children. The first stanza is strange the first time you read it. You do not understand "anyone" is a person and not just anyone. I believe that line six is referring to all of the adults in the town, Cummings does not want us to think of the town people as separate people but as a whole group undistinguishable from on another. This is told in line five where it states "little and small", he is grouping them in very close together. The children are separated into there own group. As they grow through the seasons in lines nine, ten, and eleven, they pass on into adulthood. They in essence no longer exist in the poem. The bells ringing might have something to do with them becoming adults, since I do not see them relating to any other parts of the poem. The bells seem to be an important part of the town since they are mentioned in the second line of the poem and those exact lines are repeated in line twenty-four, sixth stanza of th...

Biological Terrorism Essay -- Terror Terrorists Science Essays

Biological Terrorism I. CATASTROPHIC TERRORISM The date is April 24, 2005. The time is approximately 830 am. Somewhere on the New York City subway system a briefcase sits, apparently forgotten. Inside the briefcase, an electronic oscillator flips over, marking the passage of thirtieth smooth since its owner abdicated. In the busy subway station no one notices the small hissing noise that is produced as an odorless, tasteless aerosol is slowly released into the air. within minutes, the pathogen contained in the gas has spread throughout the station, and New York has unwittingly played host to the first recorded incidence of bioterrorism. The first symptoms appear nearly a week later. At first, victims believe they are suffering from the flu, but symptoms quickly progress from fever, rigors and headache to severe chest pain, irregular heartbeat and pustular eruptions. In the absence seizure of treatment, nearly all those infected die within two weeks of the onset of symptoms. 1 Could this really happen? In the above case, glanders (Burkholderia mallei), a pathogen which normally strikes horses and mules, is released by a terroristic individual or group. Glanders was specifically chosen because of its virulence, high mortality rate, stability in aerosol, and ease of cultivation. When symptomatic individuals first arrive, accurate diagnosis allow for be unlikely glanders is extremely rare in humans, and it is unlikely that medical personnel will have experience with the disease. Further complicating diagnosis, the pathogen does not appear in blood cultures until the victim is near death. Once diagnosed, medical personnel must take precautions to prevent person-to-person transmissio... ...st accessed 20 November 2000Clinton, William J. Executive Order 12938 Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction, 14 November, 1994COL Eitzen and others, eds. Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook, Third Edition, M arylandU.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1998. Available from http//jeffrense.com/political/weapons/biowardoc.htm, April 1999. Last accessed 4 December 2000Hoffman, Bruce, Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction An Analysis of Trends and Motivations, CaliforniaRAND, 1999Schelling, Thomas C. Arms and Influence. Virginia BookCrafters, Inc. 1966Segaller, Stephen, Invisible Armies, LondonMichael Joseph Ltd.1986Fyodor Kondrashov, Research Scientist for the bailiwick Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, interview by author, 5 December 2000

Scarlet Letter Critique Essay example -- essays research papers

Hester Pyrnne is a Puritan woman that commemorates that her husband is dead or lost at sea. She has a love affair with Dimmesdale that no one knows about(predicate) but themselves. Hester is ridiculed for it because she has a baby resulting from it, however nothing is done to Dimmesdale by his fellow Puritans because no one knows that he took part in the affair and is the baby&8217s father. The Puritans show their disapproval of Hester by doing a variety of things like spreading rumors, outcasting her, and even sewing a scarlet garner &8220A to her bosom. So is what being done here right? How about other Puritan views and attitudes? Are they right as well? Well, it is clear that Hawthorne doesn&8217t think so, and he shows this in so many ways and symbols that it is at some times hard to unfold. He clearly states in his writing that the Puritans are sinners themselves in the way they act because they are stubborn and believe that their way is the only way.There are many examples in the book that show these views that he has. The basic sign of these views came in the second chapter. Here she is ridiculed by the entire Puritan society because of the adultery that she has committed, but they don&8217t let her get dispatch easy. They put her on the scaffold in front of the whole town to be made an example of, and the whole village just starts talking about her and the scarlet letter on her bosom. Why do they do this? Probably because they are ...

Scarlet Letter Critique Essay example -- essays research papers

Hester Pyrnne is a Puritan woman that thinks that her husband is dead or lost at sea. She has a love affair with Dimmesdale that no wiz knows about but themselves. Hester is ridiculed for it because she has a baby resulting from it, however nothing is done to Dimmesdale by his fellow Puritans because no one knows that he took part in the affair and is the baby&8217s father. The Puritans show their disapproval of Hester by doing a variety of things like spreading rumors, outcasting her, and even sew together a scarlet letter &8220A to her bosom. So is what being done here right? How about other Puritan views and attitudes? Are they right as hygienic? Well, it is clear that Hawthorne doesn&8217t think so, and he shows this in so many ways and symbols that it is at some times hard to unfold. He clearly states in his writing that the Puritans are sinners themselves in the way they act because they are stubborn and believe that their way is the only way.There are many examples in the concord that show these views that he has. The first sign of these views came in the second chapter. Here she is ridiculed by the entire Puritan society because of the adultery that she has committed, but they don&8217t let her get off easy. They put her on the scaffold in front of the whole town to be made an example of, and the whole small town just starts talking about her and the scarlet letter on her bosom. Why do they do this? Probably because they are ...

History of Israel and the Holy Land 332 B.C. to 70 A.D. Essay

The Period from 332 B. C. to 70 A. D. refers to the age of Hellenism under the rule of black lovage the Great, king of Macedonia. The period 332 B. C. marked the subjection of Judea by the Greeks, which by and by imposed the dissemination of the Greek counseling of life, taxation, and economical activities designed to acquire economic gains. After the death of horse parsley, his generals divided the empire and whence fought over his empire. Judah fell under direct control of Ptolemy 1 of Egypt, but he did not seriously interfered in its spiritual affairs (Chapin, H. 988, Paragraph 1 Hellenism and the popish conquest). However, after Ptolemy 1s death, his successor was supplanted by the Seleucids of Syria, and in 175 B. C. Antiochus IV grabbed power. He then orchestrated a campaign against Judaism and in 167 B. C. he went and sacked the temple, (which was built in 520 B. C. ) of all its precious be capaciousings. This utter desecration and gross violation of the temple moti vated a successful Judaic uprising under the able leadership of Judas Maccabaeus.He then established a theocratic government, which saw the rise of the Hasmonean Dynasty under the leadership of Simon Maccabaeus who was at the aforementioned(prenominal) time the spiritual leader,being the High Priest, and the commander-in-chief of the military. The coming of the Romans more than half a century later saw the rise of the chief priests to power and the tied(p)tual last of the temple in 70 A. D. in the hands of the Romans.The Second Temple 332 B. C. to 70 A. D.The Jewish society rose to power comparable in area to the ancient Davidic Kingdom under Hasmonean Dynasty, although both religious and political discord is soaring between the Pharisees, who were the interpreters of the written law and the Sadducees, the aristocratic priestly class who implements rigorous obedience to the written law. However, with the coming of the Romans in 65 B. C. capital of Israel fell in the hands of t he Romans, which ended the eighty years of independent Jewish sovereignty and heralded the period of Roman domination of Israel, which began just the same period.The Romans appointed Herod, an Idumaean, as a puppet king of Judah. His appointment as king of the Jews was subsequently confirmed by the Roman Senate in 37 B. C. He then rebuilt and magnified the platform of the temple and constructed m either important buildings such as palaces, theater, citadel, hippodrome, and square modeled after both the Hellenistic and Roman architecture. An internet hold published by Planet Ware . com entitled Jerusalem, Israel cited that after Herods death in 4 B.C. Jerusalem was under the care of the high priests, which was under Roman Procurators (Planet Ware, Par. 2). Chapin noted that Rome granted the Jew religious autonomy as healthful as some legislative and legal rights through the Sanhedrin (Chapin, par. 5, Hellenism and the Roman Conquest). The second temple played a great role in the so-called city of the high priest that is, referring to the prominence of the Jewish religious leaders during this time.The Great Sanhedrin made the temple mount in Jerusalem the seat of both the religious and judicial powers vested upon them by the Roman Procurators. Their scope of authority includes religious, political, and legal authority such as trying a high priest, supervising certain rituals, and even declaring war (Chapin). This religious and judicial body was primarily composed of priestly Sadducees, which may be numbering of about seventy-one sages. The Sanhedrins control and judicial authority ended with the rise to power of Agrippa 1 in 41 to 44 B. C.The grand son of Herod 1 the Great, Agrippa 1 extended the city due north by constructing the third wall. However, the fanatical sect of the Jewish nationalist movement known as the zealot challenged the Roman control of Judah in A. D. 66. This uprising brought the Roman legions to a protracted siege, which was carried o ut by Vespasian, the Roman commander in Judah. The revolt however was crushed by his son Titus in A. D. 70 and Jerusalem and the second temple was destroyed by the Romans (Chapin) Hellenism and the Jews (Evaluations and Commendations)Hellenization, according to an internet article entitled Celtic and Medeterranean Interaction is the process by which non-Greeks were made more or less Greeks, assimilated into Greek culture if not acculturated. The article noted that the extent of Hellenization during the time of horse parsley reach even further to the lands of the Barbarians (Celtic and Mideterranean Interaction). The article cited that Greeks abroad carried with them any thing that could help in advancing Greekness and they were more emphatically consciously Greeks and built cities and towns introducing urban structures and new ideas.Chapin pointed out that despite of the strong emphasis on priestly rule and Judaism, Jewish society was greatly influenced by the Greek Hellenism, parti cularly cities like Jerusalem, except in their adherence to monotheistic faith. However, life in the provinces and rural areas was comparatively unchanged (Chapin). Jerusalem subtly yet speedily adopted the Greek culture particularly the Greek language, games and sports, and even the early publications of the new faith, Christianity (Chapin, Par. ). According to an internet article entitled The Impact of Hellenism on the Jews, though Hellenism was neither offensive nor beneficial yet it poses serious challenge to Judaism (Old will History, Par. 1). The article noted that Hellenistic culture presents serious threats to Judaism in the same way that idolatry of the Canaanites neighbor of the Pre-Exilic Israel served as a great temptation, which had caused their nations destruction and later Diasporas.The impact of Hellenism on Post Exilic Israel was difficult them to resist in remaining true to their faith as Hellenism offers relief from big(a) struggle for existence. Hellenism viewe d life as a continuous series of social festivities, comforts, and ease. It was under Hellenistic period that public places for eating and bathing was offered to the public with popular music of strings such as the harp (O. T. History, par. 7) which today may be characterized by the restaurants and public swimming pools.Great public libraries, potential economic opportunities, and sophisticated Greek education would have strong appeal to may nobler Jews and merchants, which made the Hellenistic way of life easily acceptable. On the other hand, worldly-minded Jews particularly Palestinian Jews were not impressed by the social and cultural advances brought about by Hellenism, courtesy of the Greeks. These conservatives despised the Hellenized Jews on the grounds that they had compromised their religion.An internet article entitled The Church History cited that the Hellenized Jews were forbidden in the temple rather they were directed to attend Greek-speaking synagogues to hear and u nderstand the Torah being read in Greek as they could no longer speak nor understand Hebrew. The purpose therefore, of Hellenization was to assimilate every culture, or the acculturation of every nations culture under one culture, the Greek culture, is not only a brilliant idea or military strategy if indeed it send away be categorized in that way, rather, it is highly advance idea designed to rule the world in utmost peace and economic prosperity.This impact could have changed the course of history had Alexander livelonger than he had lived. It cannot be denied that the influence of Hellenism still benefits todays generations and the idea of hellenization still dominates the society in many another(prenominal) ways. Interpretation Hellenism was a subtle way of conquering the world. Alexander may have conquered much of the known world during his time but his military and political leadership did not live long enough to achieve what he desired, to conquer the world.Perhaps Hellenis m was intended by Alexander for a peaceful conquest. Indeed, his model Hellenistic community in Alexandria, Egypt was meant to pull out the known civilizations of the benefit of Hellenization. True to his intention, the world was conquered by the Greeks not by s delivery and spears or by sheer military force but by festivities, by cultural and educational advancement, and by economic opportunities Hellenism offers. Today, the Greek influence still remains after thousands of years in many aspects of the social and cultural life, including arts.Hellenization can be compared to the idea of the democracy promoted by the remaining super power of the world today. By Hellenizing the known world, Alexander can build an alliance with many countries just like the idea of democracy. In other words the same concept in promoting democracy lies in the Hellenization. It symbolized the hegemonic power of Greece under the leadership of Alexander the Great. Conclusions The history of Israel from 332 B. C. up to 70 A. D. as a monument of Greece rise to power, and dominance of the world, at the height of their glory, as well as the marks of Israels resurgence to power which they so longed, under the Hasmonean dynasty, although this period marks both rise and fall of the three nations involve, its most important contribution in gentle civilizations was the spread of Hellenism, which truly brought not only economic benefits, but also culturally and socially, and the developments of sports. Hellenism has brought much contribution that even the generation of today is benefiting.The many borrowed words that help us understand meanings of the fast events are just one of the many benefits of Hellenization. Hellenization therefore symbolizes the hegemony of the Greek nation as well as Alexanders desire to rule the world in peace and in prosperity as by acculturation and assimilation, it would have mean no boundaries or no enemies, rather it promotes unity and cooperation among nations. The blessings of democracy that we now enjoy may be compare to the blessings of Hellenism had Alexander livelonger.

Price Discrimination

Price discrimination Price discrimination is the practice of charging a different price for the same good or service. There are three of types of price discrimination first-degree, second-degree, and third-degree price discrimination. First degree First-degree discrimination, alternatively known as perfect price discrimination, occurs when a securely charges a different price for every unit consumed. The firm is able to charge the maximum possible price for each unit which enables the firm to fascinate all available consumer surplus for itself.In practice, first-degree discrimination is rare. Second degree Second-degree price discrimination means charging a different price for different quantities, such as quantity discounts for bulk bribes. Third degree Third-degree price discrimination means charging a different price to different consumer groups. For example, rail and tube travellers can be subdivided into commuter and casual travellers, and cinema goers can be subdivide into adults and children.Splitting the market into peak and off peak use is very common and occurs with gas, electricity, and telephone supply, as well as gym membership and parking charges. Third-degree discrimination is the commonest type. Necessary conditions for successful discrimination Price discrimination can tho occur if authentic conditions are met. 1. The firm must be able to identify different market segments, such as domestic users and industrial users. 2. Different segments must pee-pee different price elasticities (PEDs). 3.Markets must be kept separate, either by time, physical distance and nature of use, such as Microsoft Office Schools edition which is only available to educational institutions, at a lower price. 4. There must be no seepage between the two markets, which means that a consumer cannot purchase at the low price in the elastic sub-market, and then re-sell to other consumers in the inelastic sub-market, at a higher price. 5. The firm must scram some degr ee of monopoly power. Video Diagram for price discriminationIf we assume marginal cost (MC) is constant across all markets, whether or not the market is divided, it pull up stakes equal average total cost (ATC). Profit maximisation will occur at the price and output where MC = MR. If the market can be separated, the price and output in the inelastic sub-market will be P and Q and P1 and Q1 in the elastic sub-market. When the markets are separated, profits will be the area MC, P,X,Y + MC1,P1,X1,Y1. If the market cannot be separated, and the two submarkets are combined, profits will be the area MC2,P2,X2,Y2.If the profit from separating the sub-markets is greater than for combining the sub-markets, then the rational profit maximizing monopolist will price discriminate. Market separation and elasticity Discrimination is only worth undertaking if the profit from separating the markets is greater than from keeping the markets combined, and this will depend upon the elasticities of acq uire in the sub-markets. Consumers in the inelastic sub-market will be charged the higher price, and those in the elastic sub-market will be charged the lower price.

Aztec Belief System Essay

Throughout the history of mankind civilizations have trusted in the existence of a higher power. Although the existence of a higher power doesnt bear as large of an imp motion on societies like the United States today, it was the focal point of life in many civilizations of the past. A great specimen of a civilization that was extremely reliant on the connection between army mans and higher powers was the Aztecs. The Aztecs believed that they were connected to the universe by a sacred nothing. They believed this energy was the source of all natural events and if it were unbalanced, they would suffer.In nightclub to maintain the balance, the Aztecs performed ceremonial give ups, line of businessletting, and other forms of violent pagan behavior. The connection between the Aztecs and the universe is evident among their myths rough how homosexuals were created. One creation myth is the story of the goddess Tlaltecutli. In the story Tlaltecutli was ripped apart by the gods Que tzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca and her automobile trunk parts were used to create the earth and the other gods. This event caused Tlaltecutli to desire humankind vegetable marrows and she would not be quiet until they were brought to her.Nor would she bear fruit until she had been drenched in human blood. Another creation myth, and the nearly common legend amongst the Aztecs, was that the god Quetzalcoatl descended into the under humankind and retrieved the bones and ashes of previous human beings in order to recreate humanity because the universe had been destroyed after the quaternary fair weather went out. Quetzalcoatl ground the bones into powder and used his blood to fertilize it and create humans. The Aztecs also had a myth that explained how the sunlight and moon were created.According to legend, the gods Nanautzin and Tecuziztecatl sacrificed themselves by jumping into a fire, which turned them into the Sun and moon. The other gods also sacrificed themselves to provide no urishment for the Sun. However the Sun and the Earth still had an insatiable craving for human blood, therefore war was created to satisfy the Suns needs. Whats interesting about these creation myths is that they all included some form of death, sacrifice, or blood shed in order to create something. The creation myths shaped the foundation for why Aztecs placed so overmuch emphasis on violent cultural behavior.In the Aztec society, human sacrifice was extremely common. This is because sacrifices were the main method of creating cosmic order between humans and the universe. Pubic sacrifices took place at the beginning of for each one of the 18 twenty-day months. The sacrifices consisted of or soly captured warriors, but in rare cases included children and young women. The purpose of public sacrifice was to acquire the divine forces embedded in the physiology of human beings in order to nourish the Sun, Earth, and rain.Aztec ceremonies consisted of days of ritual preparation, cerem onial sacrifice, and acts of nourishing the gods and the community. Priests carried out the sacrifices, which included many forms such as decapitation, burning, hurling from great heights, strangulation, and arrow sacrifice. The most common was the removal of the heart. The heart and the head were the two most important body parts to the Aztecs. Tonalli was a type of energy that came from the head and refractory the shape of ones temperament and destiny. Tonalli was first acquired as an embryo in a female uterus.The Sun was the most powerful way to add tonalli. It was believed that hair prevented tonalli from leaving the body. Therefore hair was a major prize in warfare. When heads were decapitated during ceremonies, the city as a whole gained tonalli. Teyolia, or honkytonk fire, was the energy that came from the heart and determined a persons sensibilities and thinking patterns. When a person died his or her tayolia traveled to the world of the dead, or set up of the Sun. Tayo lia gives energy to the Sun, which is why heart sacrifices were so popular.Giving hearts and heads wasnt the only donation made to the higher powers. Bloodshed was also seen as a type of nourishment. The Aztecs believed that spilling blood was vital to cheer the gods and to ensure natural forces such as strong harvests. Another Aztec creation myth, the story of Tezcatlipoca, gives strong penetration into the importance of bloodshed. In the story the body of Tezcatlipoca was cut into pieces and divided over the four directions of the world, with his blood flowing into the center.The divine blood redistributed energy to animals, body parts, vegetation, and the calendar. Although The Aztecs believed that by giving the hearts and heads of their victims to the gods and the universe, they would be blessed with gifts like bountiful harvests, strength in war, and healthy lives, they didnt practice sacrifice just to get blessings they also feared that the universe would be destroyed. The Aztecs believed that there had been four previous ages that the universe passed through prior to the present age, the Fifth Age.At the end of each age, the Sun went out and caused a catastrophic event that destroyed all life on Earth. In the Second Age, for example, it was believed that the beings that lived there were carried away by the wind. (AD1, p. 4) The fear of the Sun going out again and ending the Fifth Age is one the main catalysts for explaining why the Aztecs placed so much importance on human sacrifice, warfare, and other violent cultural behavior. In order to ensure that the Sun wouldnt go out again, the Aztecs participated in what is known as the New force out solemnity.It took place once every fifty-two years and was used to ensure that the Sun would last for another fifty-two years. The rebirth was achieved by the heart sacrifice of a brave, captured warrior specifically chosen by the king. The ceremony began at the baksheesh of a mountain with a priest cutting o ut the warriors heart and throwing it into a fire. The wad in the village would then cut themselves and splatter their blood in the direction of the fire. The fire was then brought down the mountain and the people blistered themselves with fire.The Aztecs believed that if they did not perform the ceremony properly to nourish the Sun, it would go out and the demons of the darkness would descend to eat all human beings. The New Fire Ceremony is a great example of how the Aztecs viewed the connection between human beings and the cosmos. The role of humankind in the Aztec society was very pre-determined. Men were use to warfare and females were devoted to the household. Warfare was extremely important to Aztec men because it was used as a way to appease the gods with the hearts of prisoners of war.It was also used a way to grade the importance and worth of a man. Men higher up in the military rank received more luxuries and entitlements than men of lower ranks. For example, a top war commander, or quauhpilli, was given land by the ruler and could run schools for commoners. Military service was a compulsory obligation by all isolated men. The Aztecs innate desire for combat is a direct impact of the believed connection between conflict and nourishment for the universe.When a male child was born, he is dedicated to the Sun, and the flowery death of the warrior in battle or on the killing stone. This shows that the Aztecs believed that the only honorable death for a male is on the champaign or being sacrificed on another tribes killing stone. The Aztec devotion to the universe was so strong that they not only believed that they had to sacrifice others in battle to please the gods they had to sacrifice themselves as well. The culture and beliefs of the Aztec civilization were much different than the culture and beliefs of society today.Human sacrificing no longer occurs because it is considered cruel and unusual punishment. Humans do not believe that sacrifices a nd bloodshed are necessary to please a higher power. Although there are certain religions that believe that the way humans act bear some consequence on things like karma and where we go in the afterlife, it is rare to find a society in todays world that believes wholeheartedly that there is a direct connection between humans actions, the divine, and natural forces, like the Aztecs believed.Science and technology have allowed humans to perceive that we can control all aspects of processes such as growing crops and that the gods have no effect on it. Warfare, although still important, does not have nearly as strong of an impact on humans today. Warfare is only needed for protection, to defend other countries, or in certain areas of the world, to attempt to settle sacred differences like the Shiite and Sunni Muslims. Today, men and women have the choice to grow up and become whatever they want.Men are not required to serve in the military and women have the ability to do more than ju st take care of the household. The main difference between the Aztecs and humans today is that for the Aztecs, the connection to the universe was the most important aspect of life, while today creating a family, treating others fairly, and having proper morals are the most important aspects of life. The majority of people just want to pee the most of their lives on Earth while they still have time, and depending on their beliefs, if they do it right they will reach an afterlife when they die.The Aztecs were one of mankinds most interesting civilizations. They devoted their lives to pleasing the universe and believed that sacrifice and bloodshed were the best ways of doing it. They attempted to control every aspect of their lives in order to keep the connection between humans and the universe in balance. The Aztec belief system was very extreme. No other civilization has put so much emphasis on sacrifices, and more than likely, no civilization ever will again.

Anne Sexton’s Cinderella: An Analysis Essay

Weve perpetually read or been read sissy tales once in our lives, and how do they always end? Yes, happily ever after. In Anne sextons Cinderella, she shakes up the traditional fairy tale, by adding her own tale. She uses sarcasm to finish the tale, causing the indorsers expectation of a happy stopping point and a traditional fairy tale to disappear. In doing so, she depicts the difference between the fairy tale and reality world.With Sextons harsh words of reality, she breaks the dreams of the readers seek a traditional fairy tale. The use of Sextons sarcastic tone foreshadows what is to come in the poem. The line That story (Line 5), which is repeated numerous clock throughout the poem, makes the readers think of the original Cinderella fairytale. Perhaps along with this, by stating That story throughout the poem, she is trying to remind us how every fairy tale is the same. It always goes something like this poor girl meets princeand POOF They live happily ever after Now, wh en is life ever that hands-down? By adding her own anecdote, Sexton is enactment to the readers a more realistic fairy tale.Sexton uses irony through her sarcasm as well. Perhaps, it changes the readers views on the classical fairy tale. Cinderella is expound as, Cinderella was their maid. / She slept on the sooty hearth each night / and walked around looking like Al Jolson (Line 30-32). Al Jolson who was a white man, who impersonated a black man, is compared to Cinderella. However, salad dressing up as a black man was Jolsons choice, and being their maid dressed in grime was not Cinderellas.Another example of humourous imagery in Sextons poem is actual my favorite lines in the poem. The eldest went into a room to try the slipper on / unless her big toe got in the way so she simply / sliced it off and put on the slipper. / The prince rode away with her until the white dove / told him to look at the blood pouring forth. / That is the way with amputations. / They dont just heal up like a wish (Lines 81-86). Perhaps Sexton is trying to steer the readers how life never goes like a fairy tale. We do not get a fairy godmother to grant us our one simple wish. We must fight for everything that we want to have in our hands. With the use of her sarcasm,Sexton, depicts to the reader how far the stepsister went to achieve her happily ever after ending.After reading this poem, the readers expectations may change through Sextons use of sarcasm. Cinderella and the prince / lived, they say, happily ever after, / like two dolls in a museum case / never bothered by diapers or dust, / never arguing over the timing of an egg (Line 100-104), from these lines, Sexton is in fact changing her fairy tale into a myth, making Cinderella and the prince just a portraits hung on the wall. By her use of sarcasm, Sexton is depicting for the readers how the fairy tale ending is in fact not reality. notwithstanding because Cinderella marries the prince does not necessary mean that the y will live happily ever. If a person runs off and gets married, it never turns out quite like a fairy tale. Through Sextons poem, the reader can receive the message of the happily ever concept, for we begin to realize that life is just never that easy and never runs a long, smooth road.Sexton uses sarcasm as well as her own anecdotes to foreshadow the ending of the poem. On top of this, she always uses humourous imagery and also changes the readers view on the classic fairy tale ending. Through her own remake of Cinderella, Sexton successfully proves to us that fairy tales do not exist in reality. Sexton is sending out the message to have realistic dreams and not sit at al-Qaeda just waiting for a prince charming to pull up in the pumpkin carriage.

How Retail Operations Management Objectives Can Best Be Achieved

Retailing is now one of the worlds largest industries and it is in a permanent state of change. This change has been accelerating over the past decade, (Zentes et al. , 2011 Pg. 1). This sector is not only more competitive than in the past but the consumer is also progressively more demanding and more complex, (Gordon et al. , 2006 Pg. 22). Retailers grow to predict the desires of fickle customers, buy and allocate complex sets of merchandise, set the refine prices, and offer the rightfulness promotions for each individual item.However, in that perspective are often wide gaps between supply and demand, which leave retailers holding too much of what customers dont want, and too little of what they do, (Friend and Walker, 2001 Pg. 133). This is a huge challenge which faces the retailer of today. Fisher et al. , (2000 Pg. 115) maintains that retailings formula for ideal is offering the right return in the right place at the right time for the right price. This is no easy feat f or the retailer and with merchandising decisions becoming more complex, the penalties for errors too are even steeper, (Friend and Walker, 2001 Pg. 33). This is why Gordon et al. ,(2006 Pg. 24) notes that in todays cutthroat food market, there is no place for a head in the sand attitude. The importance of the areas of retailings formula for perfection as stated by Fisher et al. , (2000) impart now be examined theoretically and subsequently researched in the context of a successful, independent form boutique, emporium Kalu. Right Product Retailers capture their customers interest by the nature of their product start out, (Varley, 2006 Pg. 8).Fashion markets have choke more and more complex with consumers fragmenting into small groups who have real varied take and demand very different products. Varley, (2006 Pg. 8), maintains that product helps to position a retailer against its competitors within a given market, but puzzle many companies today face is that they sell very s imilar products and assistants to those of their competitors, (Ingenhoff et al. , 201083). Therefore, tremendous pressure is put on retailers to offer the customer something different, (Dvorak et al. , 1996 Pg. 121). In molding roduct decisions for individual memory boards, buyers and retail managers have long relied on instinct, (Friend and Walker, 2001 Pg. 133) but in todays marketplace many more portions need to be considered. What is at the core of the right product is the retailers target market, they need to be given a good reason to choose one retailer over another, (Varley, 2006 Pg. 8). Four major trends which affect the consumers choice of product have been emerging in recent times.Since the consumer is at the core of what the right product is, the retailer must pay attention to these trends and how they relate to their target customer. . The Savvy Consumer Whether you are a value fashion retailer or a gamey end department store, it is necessary to acknowledge that to day, the consumer is more tuned in to the latest trends and styles in the fashion industry. Consumers have become more savvy about fashion as they butt now access information about various fashion events around the world almost immediately through internet media bid blogging, video sharing and podcasts. An increased number of weekly glossies, e. g. Grazia, also fuels this consumer demand for the latest look at a faster pace (Barnes, 2006260).The consumer now knows what should be in-store and retailers will suffer if they sack upnot provide this to their customers when they expect it. 2. Celebrity agent Many Irish consumers find their fashion influenced a great deal by celebrities, with this world the most same(p)ly facet of their lives to be influenced by celebrity culture, (Mintel, Clothing Retailing-Ireland, 2011). Star style has never been more accessible. As a result of this aeonian exposure to celebrity lifestyle, 8% of Irish consumers claim that celebrities influence th eir purchases, (Mintel, Clothing Retailing-Ireland, 2011).This report continues to detail how this high level of interest in celebrities and their lifestyles is beneficial to the habiliments retailing market and so-and-so be intentd as a tool to attract consumers by adding value to a clothing retailers product range, and help to drive gross revenue. This can be seen when brands of clothing celebrities wear or clothing lines where a retailer collaborates with celebrities and well known fashion designers become popular. In a celebrity-obsessed world, its no surprise that we all want to copy what famous faces are wearing, (www. gsn. com, 2010). Celebrities, according to Olympio, (2007) represent a enrapture that most of us have idolized and wanted for our own. This concept can be said to be the reason why mickle imitate styles they have seen on celebrities, for example, Joan Collins, who in the soap opera Dynasty, made shoulder pads a signature trend of the 1980s. This can also b e seen today where Sarah Jessica Parker, in Sex and the City helped make Manolo Blahnik, the shoe designer, a household name, (www. wgsn. com, 2010).Retailers who choose to sell brands that are publicly linked or associated to a celebrity will behave to be of benefit if their target consumer aspires to be like said celebrity. 3. The Concept of riotous Fashion Gordon et al. , (2006 Pg. 22), remarks that retailers have to deal with constantly shorter product lifecycles. Fast fashion is a business strategy which aims to get new fashion product into stores in the shortest time possible and reduce the processes involved in the buying cycle consequently satisfying consumer demand, (Barnes et al. , 2006 259, Bruce et al. , 2006 330).This notion of consumer demand driving the fast fashion industry demonstrates the need to have the ability to act accordingly and move quickly to these demands. Today, successful fast fashion companies have been moving away from the traditional fashion buyin g cycle of seasonal forecasting from historical sales one year in advance, (Bruce et al. , 2006330), to creating smaller collections more frequently, (Barnes et al. , 2006 261). Barnes et al. , (2006 261), believe this is as a result of fashion trends being moulded by what is happening on the highway, in clubs, lifestyle hotspots and not 12months in advance of a selling season.Long buying cycles have become inappropriate for the demands of modern fashion consumers. Bruce et al. , (2006 329), maintain this is because fashion consumers expect and thrive on constant change and so new products have to be available on a frequent basis. It is no longer sufficient for retailers to have the same collection in-store all season product ranges need to be constantly refreshed in order to be right. Quick response is a concept that has become synonymous with the textile and apparel supply chain, (Barnes et al. , 2006 263).This approach to supply chain forethought is regarded as information dri ven, minimal pre-season ordering is engaged in and more frequent, in-season small orders are placed to take advantage of improved speed and flexibility, (Christopher et al. , 2004 as cited by Barnes et al. , 2006 263). This quick response method al pitiables companies to respond almost instantly to catwalk trends that would appeal to their target audience, therefore providing them with the right product. The success of this high book/low cost business model is down to constant and regular updates of fashion collections.For these types of retailer, (value) this has historically been the right product as it satisfies the need for newness by the consumer at a low cost, something which is central to what their target market seeks. 4. Quality Vs. Quantity Durability has been found to be a key concern for Irish consumers as four-spot in five R. o. I. consumers claim to make their clothes last, (Mintel, Clothing Retailing-Ireland, 2011). With the occurrence of the recession, consumers ar e more inclined to want to get the best value for silver out of all the products that they buy.In terms of the clothing industry, they are increasingly likely to claim that they make their clothing last a long time. According to Mintel (2011), 81% of R. o. I. consumers agree with this statement as they note between 2007 and 2010 there was an 11 percentage-point increase in agreement with this statement among R. o. I consumers. This highlights that Irish consumers, are increasingly moving away from disposable fashion (i. e. clothing that they may only wear a few times), and towards buying clothing that they expect to last a long time, illustrating a higher demand for fiber.Consumers who are now searching for high bore investment pieces that will last are driving sales within the premium womenswear market. Nearly a quarter (23%) of women are opting to invest in fewer items of superior quality clothing that will last, a certain increase of 10 percentage points since 2010, (Mintel, Is the Era For Fast, Disposable Fashion Coming to an End? , 2011). While consumers may be seen to be cutting back in the recession but they are still willing to pay for high quality clothing, (Mintel, Clothing Retailing-Ireland, 2011).With this trend growing, it is necessary for the retailer to evaluate whether their target market is interested or seeking this quality in order to provide the right product to them. The type of product on offer in department store Kalu has been described as having fashion aesthetic that is unlike anything you will find anywhere else in Ireland, (Harris, 2011). The emporium Kalu customer is a business woman, a student, a mother, a grandmother, anyone who wants to be feminine, elegant and unique. She appreciates beautiful design, stunning quality fabrics and subtle detail.She likes to wear timeless, great fitting pieces but puts them together in an individual and individual(prenominal) way, (Louise Flanagan, co-owner of department store Kalu, 2011). The owners of the boutique, who are in business nearly fifteen years now, really know their customer. They have fantastic know-how on what customers want, (Harris, 2011). They pride themselves on offering their consumer exclusivity and uniqueness in their labels, (Louise Flanagan, 2011). They deliver on this by offering high quality brands such as Giles, Galliano, Maria Grachvogel, Alice by Temperley, M Missoni, Vivienne Westwood departure Label, and D&G.Kate ODwyer, (co-owner of Emporium Kalu) has stated that even if we have a label that might be stocked somewhere else, we buy it differently. We buy it with the Emporium Kalu attitude. So it is always different to what you will find elsewhere, (as cited in Harris, 2011). They are constantly searching for the next big label so guardianship a close eye celebrity fashion is a must. It is through this product differentiation and clear focus on their customer that Emporium Kalu have succeeded in buying the right product for their store .Right Place/Location A common cause of business failure among retailers is the selection of the wrong store location, (Mazze, Pg. 17). Zentes et al. , (2011 Pg. 203), agrees and adds that a good location can lead to strong competitive advantages as location is unique and thus cannot be imitated by competitors. It is necessary provided for the location of a store to be appropriate to the retail business because in order to reach the right kind of customer it is important for a store to be in a street that reflects its examine, (Varley, 2006 Pg. 173).The success of a retail store depends on many factors such as the stores location in relation to the region and the state, its situation within the community, its location on the street or in the shopping centre and the characteristics of the community and duty area, (Mazze, Pg. 17). The retailer also needs to take into account, the customers perceptual experience of the shopping task. Mazze explains this consideration in that a cust omer who wishes to obtain speciality goods like gourmet foods is not greatly concerned with how far he must go or the length of time it takes to get them.This implies that store location can be directly linked to the merchandise available within. This theory put forward by Mazze can be seen in practice by Emporium Kalu. The store is located in Naas, Co. Kildare, Ireland. This is not a large, heavily populated city with substantial daily footfall. It is a relatively small commuter suburbia where many people reside but work in capital city Dublin. The store itself is positioned on the corner of a pedestrianised lane which meets the main street of Naas.This location offers the kind of environment that attracts a more discerning shopper , (Varley, 2006 Pg. 173). While Emporium Kalus location may not be preeminent, it offers the product ranges and service that consumers are willing to travel for. The owners leverage its merchandise and style expertise in a way that makes up for what it m ay lack in store location, so much so that it has been honoured with being ranked as one of the fifty best boutiques in the British Isles, (www. telegraph. co. uk). Right Quantity at the Right TimeVarley, (2006 Pg. 110), holds that getting the right quantities of merchandise delivered into the retail organisation at the right time is necessary to satisfy both basic customer needs and retail management goals. The implications of getting product levels wrong are great too much stock will threaten the profitability of a range and increase holding costs and too little stock will cause a loss of customers and sales, both direct and complementary. These errors can occur as a result of late deliveries, late orders or choosing the incorrect size mix.Choosing the perfect size configuration for a company store program requires on the lookout calculation, (Cook Kimbrough, 2008 Pg. 36). A retailer must decide how much of a particular product line is needed for their store, (Varley, 2006 Pg. 11 0). Similar to the other rights, this decision is passing dependent on a fashion retailers target audience. Cook Kimbrough, (2008 Pg. 36), is of the opinion that a good rule of thumb is to think of the bell curve when choosing your sizes for your range. Sizes in the middle tend to sell about twice as much as the sizes at the extreme.As can be seen, the right quantity includes many different factors and cannot be considered independently. Emporium Kalu operates with an exclusive image. They pride themselves on offering product that is different to what you will find somewhere else, (ODwyer as cited in Harris, 2011). They achieve this exclusivity factor through both the labels they offer and through their size configuration. They are not the business of mass selling product. We want the consumer to feel special when she wears her clothing and she can be confident that she will not see other people wearing the same outfit.That is why we buy our ranges relatively wide as unconnected t o deep, (Louise Flanagan, 2011). Therefore, the co-owners do not purchase large quantities of each style in-store which creates the exclusive feeling. This strategy has proven to be extremely successful for this boutique and is the right quantity for their customer and their retail organisation. Right Price Setting prices in todays intensely competitive and dynamic retail environment is a complex task and developing a detailed understanding of consumer behaviour and buying patterns lies at the heart of any successful determine strategy, (Gordon et al. 2006 Pg. 22). Retailers can use price in conjunctions with product quality, customer service quality and selling environment to make a very clear statement about the image they wish to communicate and about where they belong in the market, (Varley, 2006 Pg. 13). Therefore, pricing is directly linked to a retailers specific target market and the level of product quality they offer. This is clearly seen in the three main retailing prici ng structures that Zentes et al. , (2011 Pg. 256) puts forward 1. Value/ budget Price Focuses on low cost and high volume selling of product. 2. Medium Price Focuses on 3.Premium Price Focuses on attracting customers who are less concerned with price and more interested product quality and prestige. In order for a fashion retailer to succeed with their pricing structure and charge the right price, product quality and consumer expectations need to be aligned. Emporium Kalu is positions themselves in the premium price segment. They attract the type of consumer described in this segment by Zentes et als, (2011 Pg. 256). Kate ODwyer verifies this and states that were about beautiful pieces because there are people who appreciate the special and unique, (cited in Harris, 2011).Whilst on buying trips, price is not at the forefront of the minds of the co-owners, it is more about whether the collection and quality is a good fit for the store and their customer, if we love a piece, we have t o have it, (Flanagan, 2011). This pricing structure prevails for Emporium Kalu as they attract customers who are in followers of product prestige and service over lower cost. Right Personnel What has not been included in the retailings formula for perfection, and should be considered as a new addition, is having the right personnel to carry out the final step in the retailing process, that is, selling product to the consumer.The rational for this inclusion body is for without converting store visits into sales, the bottom line cannot be achieved and the other rights are meaningless. Kotler et al. , (2005446), too acknowledges personnel importance and states that it is a key way for a brand to stand out in the mind of the consumer is through providing top quality service as service is important to customers. Having the right personnel in your store can be an invaluable tool in creating and retaining customer loyalty. Individual help by floor staff, personal shoppers or stylists wil l enhance the customers experience and perception of the brand.For it is here at the customer interface that business is either won or lost, (Jackson et al. , 200984). This idea of the right personnel is central to the store offering in Emporium Kalu. The owners Louise Flanagan and Kate ODwyer, right from the beginning were focused on not only providing the customer with colossal quality products and brands but also exceptional service, (Louise Flanagan, 2011). This outstanding customer service is delivered through unrivalled, individual styling and advice, personal tailoring on garments, an in-store deposit facility and one to one after hours service if required.Co-owner Louise prides the store on having staff who provide first class, attentive assistance for all customers who walk through their doors, (2011). The consumer and their requirements are valued and are given the upmost consideration. This she believes, in part, is the way forward for independent retailers today. go th e customer more than just a product but an enjoyable experience and advice they can trust so they feel confident in their clothes too. ConclusionIn order for a fashion retailer to achieve its retail operations objectives a number of considerations need to be taken into account and the customer is central to each. When choosing the right product, the target customer needs to be at the core of all decisions. Trends in their choices, spending power and what influences them are fundamental in selecting different collections. The product has to have the ability to satisfy the consumer, (Varley, 2006 Pg. 76). Jackson et al. , (2009 83), maintains that uniqueness in product, a high level of quality and providing unique product benefits are a critical differentiator in fashion.When choosing a retailers location, in order for it to be right, the customers perception of the shopping task and the characteristics of the community and trading area need to be considered. If chosen appropriately, location can be a source of competitive advantage. Getting the quantities of merchandise right for a retail organisation is highly dependent on a fashion retailers target audience and they what they require. It is a decision that cannot be made independently and is affected by timing and sizing issues.In order for a fashion retailer to succeed with their pricing structure and charge the right price, product quality and consumer expectations need to be aligned. This will create loyalty among customers if a retailer can deliver on their pricing structure. The proposed additional right of retailing, the right personnel could prove to be key in gaining a competitive advantage in the marketplace today. Offering the customer benfits other than the product like an enhanced in-store experience will aid the fashion retailer to endure the current difficult market conditions.

Civil Disobedience to Black Power Essay

Up until the 1960s the civil rights ride was practiced through peaceful protests established from the idea that equal recognition amongst all told peoples was only acquired through non- groundless acts. In the late 60s these techniques transformed into fast and more efficient methods with different value sets.The changes within the Civil Rights movement occurred because African Americans were sick of the painfully slow progress accomplished through the civil rights movement, didnt agree with the idea that being mistreated, disrespected, and stomped over (figuratively and literally) was the only result to overcome racism and segregation, and decided that violence and bloodshed (stemming from the theory that asking for deserved rights was to slow a process, when they could just take them) was aggressive enough to doohickey the eyes of human beingsy and gain gloomy Dominance or at least equal rights.Even with the Civil Rights Act in place, African Americans were tired of being ne glected and disregarded. Peaceful protesting was only doing so much, the alternative of Black Power had begun to flourish in the late 60s because it demanded respect through violent, care-grabbing approaches that were created to actually change segregation and equality. The 1950s and early 60s were eras driven by the consumer culture, the US was extremely wealthy, the automobile fabrication was booming, suburban lifestyle had grown, television became extremely popular, and the everyday view of America was good (to say the least).The only bad aspect of the US was inequality and the unrecognised rights (Blacks deserved). The US originally opted for saving justice and peace amongst Black communities in civil and non-violent focussings, but there was limited execution. In 1954, for example, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled segregation in public schools unconstitutional in Brown v. Board of Education. This landmark case began a series of significant Civil Rights movements with reg ards to integration and equal rights.The early 60s brought upon new locations and the idea of peaceful resolution was one of them. Due to the fact that American culture was thriving in material goods and prosperity African Americans figured the best way to go about change was to do it in calm, civil, non-brutal manners. Organizations like the National Association for the overture of Colored People (NAACP), Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) began to emerge.Doc A, B, and C convey the goals pertaining to African Americans (in the early 0s) and their hope for equal rights, legal citizenship, voting rights, and equal economic/labor opportunities. Doc A showcases the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committees perspective that love transforms hate and nonviolence is the best way to bring about integration. The early 60s held so much potential and optimism. African Americans were seeking equal privileges so contently because they ex perienced Americans positive response to Americas success and didnt want to harm the culture or destroy the peace.One attempt for Civil Rights included a peaceful protest in Birmingham, Alabama. The response of the police was outrageous. As seen in Doc B, the pullulate (from 1963) shows racist and corrupt police attacking African Americans after a peaceful protest (to allow Blacks into church). Rather than defend himself, the black man render in the photo is responding with no resentment or anger. Many African Americans were beaten and sent to jail including Martin Luther King, Jr.Doc C (1963) is a letter written by MLK from the Birmingham Jail promoting peace and arguing that injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. MLK desired peace rather than violence because of his educational background and upbringing-his father was the minister of the Ebenezer Baptist Church and he passed on his understanding, tolerance, and religious views (inspired by peace) to his son. MLK could be peaceful, even after going to jail for no reason. after(prenominal) the Birmingham incident, John F. Kennedy announced his promise to end racial discrimination on radio and television.The speech served as motivation to civil right leaders, a wake-up abuse to Congress, and the inspiration for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 (unfortunately JFK never lived to see these passed). Although these rights were legally authorized, African Americans were not fully protected. Just because they were laws in place, didnt entertain they were implemented with major concern or emphasis. Race riots, racial profiling, and illegal discrimination were still occurring. African Americans realized that in order to truly recover what they wanted, they needed prompt uncivil protests.Stokely Carmichael, a violent-protest-supporter, coined the phrase black power and stated I am not going to beg the white man for anything I deserve Im going to take it. We see the change in strategy for Black Nationalism. Carmichaels speech, entitled, what we want from 1966 (Doc E) implies the only way to get money, property, respect, and in general civil rights for African Americans is to demand it, whether it was by strike, boycott, riot, or any other possible means of violent rebellion.The reasons why there was such a focus on gaining equality through violence was because peaceful protests were not developing equality quick enough, African Americans needed each other in order to attain enough votes for one collective ballot, and violent acts needed the most attention because they needed to be stopped the fastest. Take, for example the scenario of when a child throws a fit, the parent will do whatever it takes to stop the childs interrupting remonstrance and annoying whines, the same initiative for Black Power.Some philosophers even argue that Black Power was an act of revenge, Blacks felt obligated to torture Whites and act in violent ways to get even with them for their previous treatment of African slaves. At this point African Americans had to fight for things Whites got easily, like jobs, money, respect, social status, religion, privacy and the general right to be able to go to common-day-places (like the grocery store or local restaurant) and not have to worry about discrimination.The Black Panther troupe for Self-Defense (Doc F in 1967) preached that black people must resort to violence because they have not made any gains through peace. Malcolm X, a Black Power activist and violent-protesting-leader supported this idea and said, Stand on your own feet and solve our problems ourselves instead of depending on white people to solve them for us. This quote shows the hindquarters for Black Power-fast, unexpected, memorable recognition. Malcolm X ridiculed Martin Luther Kings attempt at Birmingham saying it showed the uselessness of nonviolent-protest.The increasing amount of African Americans promoting violence concerned American citi zens. Whites believed that if the government didnt take action, mass riots and destruction would erupt everywhere, and they were somewhat on track. By 1968, (according to Doc G) 62% of African Americans were registered to vote, thats 33% more than in 1960. This evidence suggests that the violent acts did make an impact and shape the Civil Rights movement into what we view it as today.

A Case Study of Nabil Bank

CHAPTER- I INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Concept of Banking The term Bank is derived from the latin word bancus, Italian word banca, French word banque which means bench utilise by medieval money exchanges and German word bank which means joint stock company. According to oxford dictionary bank means an creation for keeping money and valuable safety of the money being paid out on the customer order by means of cheque.Historic all toldy, banks have been recognized for the great range of financial function they crevice from checking accounts of saving plans to loan for businesses consumers and governments. Hence, bank can be identified by the function they perform in the economy. Bank is a financial institution which deals with money. Banks collect the money from the surplus social unit (savers) and lend to famine units ( pulmonary tuberculosisrs). Bank raises the bloodlines by accepting deposits, borrowing funds and issuing equity.These funds are used by the banks to buy securities and t o make loans. Since, it accepts deposits and grants loan, it is regarded as the trader of money. Banks can be divided int three types on the basis of their functions and operate ie. Central bank, Commercial bank and Development bank. Commercial bank offer function to individuals, hey are primarily concerned with receiving deposits and lending to businesses. Commercial bank is to a fault known as the financial service needs in the economy. 1. Introduction of Nabil redactment Banking Nabil Bank peculiar(a), the first foreign joint run a danger bank of Nepal, started operations in July 1984. It has paid up corking of NRs200 million. Nabil was incorporated with the objective of extending international commonplace modern banking operate to various sectors of the society. Pursuing its objective, Nabil provides a full range of commercial banking services done its 47 points of representation across the kingdom and over 170 reputed correspondent banks across the globe.Nabil Bank Li mited with its mission to be the initiative Choice Provider of sleep together Financial Solutions ventured into p separatelyy market link activities and incepted its fully have subsidiary Nabil garbment Banking Ltd. (Nabil frame) which renders investment banking connect services to the masses. Thus, Nabil initiate intentions to run aground itself as one of the leading Merchant Bankers in its short span of operation and as an enthronization Banker with healthy professional expertise in long run introducing modernistic products and services in the Nepalese capital market with strict adherence to prevailing rules and regulations. . 2. 1 Services of Nabil investiture Banking Nabil rate renders its institutional and retail lymph nodes wide range of services some of which are delivered currently while others pass on be delivered in due course with call for exploration & innovation and due approval received from the Regulators as and when required, expound as under 1. Management of Public Offers/Further Public Offers Nabil dedicate renders both its institutional and retail client services of managing public offer of shares/ debentures/right issuance of securities to existing shareholders/further public offer of securities etc to its backing and has team of professional expertise to render quality services at competitive rates. . Underwriting Nabil invest on selective basis post independent appraisal of proposals reviewed through its professional team is rendering underwriting related services to its clientele as SEBON has made it mandatory for all institutions going public to underwrite at least fifty percent of the securities on offer prior public issue. 3. Portfolio ManagementThe Clients can delegate all their investment management related decisions to a pool of corporate finance experts of Nabil identify who inturn will use the vast pool of industry specific data collected and analyzed by its research unit for making investments for clients portfolio which focuses primarily on safety of principal investment along with maximization of returns to Clients. 4. Registrar to Securities (RTS)Nabil Invest renders Registrar to Securities (RTS) related services to the valued shareholders of its institutional client and in the process keep on improving quality & timely delivery of services, the major hitch in this nature of services by competing institutions. 5. Loan Syndication Nabil Invest will use its existing relationship with other Banks/Financial Institutions to acquire required financial support for the financial closure of certain projects which it identifies as feasible and recommends for investment.The financial closure will be reached with either one institution or a syndicate of Banks/Financial Institutions depending on the coat of projects and the requirement to diversify the risks to various portfolios from the part of member Banks/Financial Institutions. 6. Other Services Besides the services identified, Nabil Inv est will always keep on exploring innovative products and services that matches regional and global standards and target to launch the same in customization with the local market with due approval taken from the Regulators, if & when required.Thus, Nabil Invest intends to issue wide clientele rendering investing Banking related services setting example and obtaining first performer advantage in the capital market of the country. 1. 3 Objectives of the fieldwork The objectives of the fieldwork are as follows- ?To delineate capital building of Nabil Invest ?To analyze financial position and performance of Nabil Invest ? To evaluate portfolio of Nabil Invest 1. 4 Methods of selective information collection Data collection is the process of collection of data and information through different sources or methods. To prepare this fieldwork report, the following method has been used- Secondary Method-The data , which is not orginally collected unless obtained from published and unpub lished sources, are called secondary data. These data are not original in character. The sources aid as secondary data for this field work reports are the annual reports of Nabil Bank, websites of nabil bank and nabil investment, books etc. CHAPTER-II info ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION 2. 1 Capital anatomical complex body part of Nabil Invest Table 2. 1 Capital Structure ProposedEffective NRs(000)%NRs(000)% Nabil Bank78000527800074. 29 CG Finco P. Ltd27000182700025. 71 General Public4500030-- gist150000100105000100Source- Annual Report of Nabil Bank From the above table, it is shown the proposed and effective capital structure of Nabil invest. Nabil Invest proposed 52% capital of Nabil Bank, 18% capital of CG Finco P. Ltd and 30% capital of General Public. However, Nabil Invests effective capital structure is 74. 29% by Nabil Bank and 25. 71% by CG Finco P. Ltd. It can be shown graphically as follows- Fig 2. 1- A Pie chart of Proposed Capital Structure of Nabil Invest Fig 2. 2- A P ie chart of Effective Capital Structure of Nabil Invest 2. 2 Financial position and performance of Nabil Invest 2. 2. 1 Balance sheet of Nabil InvestTable 2. 2 NRs(000) Capital & Liabilities2010/112009/10 Share Capital10500070000 reserves and Surplus7457-529 Accounts Payable72182628 Provision for Staff Bonus1065- Deferred Tax Liability60- Other Liabilities and aliment69417 Total12149472117 Assets2010/112009/10 Balance with banks2633770000 Investments83400- Advance valuate (net of income tax liabilities)4453- Fixed assets (net of depreciation)61691941 Deferred tax assets-176 Other assets1135- Total12149472117 In the above, the balance sheet size grew by around 68% in the first place due to rise in paid up capital.Paid-up capital which got profitd by NRs. 35million was contributed by CG Finco P. Ltd. NRs. 27 million and Nabil Bank NRs. 8 million. In addition, net simoleons earned during the year as well as contributed to increment. exculpate worth of the Company surpassed paid- up capital after it registered profit. It can be graphically presented as at a lower place- Fig- A Bar Diagram of Assets And Share Capital of Nabil Invest 2. 2. 2 Income Statement of Nabil Invest Table 2. 3NRs (000) Particulars2010/112009/10 IPO Fees305- Interest Income12979- Management Services6196- Gross Income19480- power Expenses1574222General Operating Expenses4927482 Depreciation charge1267- Gross expenses7768705 Operating expediency11712-705 Staff Bonus1065- Profit before Tax10647-705 Tax Expense2662-176 Profit after Tax7985-529 Opening Retained Earning-529- resolution Retained Earning7457-529 Source- Annual Report of Nabil Bank A significant chroma of the profit was contributed by interest income which not only incorporates return on equity placement but also the emergence realized in the form of sharing of interest income with BFIs / Other Institutions whose public offers are being managed by NI in the capacity of Issue Manager.In addition, the Company also managed to earn returns by rendering change management services to the Bank. It is graphically Presented as - Fig- A bar diagram of profit of Nabil Invest 2. 3 Portfolios of Nabil Invest Table2. 4 (in million) Particulars2010/112009/10 1. Nepal administration Treasury Bills64895896 2. Nepal Government Saving Bonds-- 3. Nepal Government other securities22552077 4. Nepal Rastra Bank Bonds-- 5. Foreign Bonds178187 6. Local Licensed Institutions305- 7. Foreign Banks36615391 8. Organized Institutions Shares192159 9.Organized Institutions Bonds andDebentures-- 10. Other Investments 10. 1 NCM shared fund1. 21. 2 10. 2 prompt Investment1. 61. 5 Total Investment13082. 813712. 7 Source- Annual Report of Nabil Bank The above table shows the portfolios of Nabil Invest in different securities and bonds. Here the two years fiscal years investment portfolios are provided. In the accustomed table the highest derive of investment was done in Government Treasury Bills. It can be identify that Nabil Inves t is targeted towards the Government T- bills and securities. It can be due to no default risk and it is a risk free asset.I has also a high rate of investment in foreign banks. The lowest amount of investment of Nabil Invest is in mutual fund and Swift Investment. The above table is presented in a graph as below- Fig- A bar diagram of Portfolios of Nabil Invest 2. 4 deal Result After thoroughly analyzing, it is analyzed that Nabil bank has been operating as the subsidiary bank for Investments ie. Nabil Investment Banking. Nabil Investment Banking (Nabil Invest) is providing innovative, quality and timely services to the investors at large. From the analysis of data, it the capital structure of Nabil Invest has been identified.The proposed capital structure of Nabil Invest is 52% by Nabil bank, 18% by CG Finco P. Ltd and 30% by the General Public. exactly it is in effect that 74. 29% of capital is owned by Nabil bank and 25. 71% capital is owned by CG Finco P. Ltd. From this it ca n In F/Y 2009/10, the profit after tax is negative NRs 529,000 whereas in F/Y 2010/11, the profit after tax is NRs 7,985,000. This shows the increasing trend of profit of Nabil Invest. The high volume of the profit was contributed by the interest income. The portfolios of investment shows the different areas of investment by Nabil Invest.The highest amount of investment of Nabil Invest was Government Treasury bills for fiscal year 2009/10 and 2010/11 ie. NRs 5896 million NRs 6489 million respectively. It has also invested in Government Bonds, Securities and other Investments. CHAPTER-III SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 3. 1 Summary NABIL Bank stands as the Bank of 1st Choice in the industry considering its network, a number of branches, a large capital base, diverse customized services and products, a chain of ATMs service points covering a wide regional / local spectrum. NABIL stands ahead in everything it does.The strategic purpose of Nabil is to create values and economic opportunities ac ross all the economic zones of the country and architecting products and services to that end. Nabil Investment Banking (Nabil Invest), a subsidiary of Nabil bank Ltd is rendering the investment banking related services to the masses. Thus, Nabil Invest targets to establish itself as one of the leading Merchant Bankers in its short span of operation and as an Investment Banker with strong professional expertise in long run introducing innovative products and services in the Nepalese capital market with strict adherence to prevailing rules and regulations.From the analysis, Nabil Invest has 74. 29% capital of Nabil Bank and 25. 71% capital of CG Finco P. Ltd. However, the proposed capital structure of NI is 52% of Nabil Bank, 18% of CG Finco P. Ltd and 30% of General Public. The income statement of Nabil Invest shows increasing trend of profit in each fiscal year ie. NRs 7985000 in F/Y 2010/11 and negative NRs 529000 in F/Y 2009/10. In fiscal year 2010/11 the profit was contributed b y the interest income which not only incorporates return on equity placement but also the proceeds realized in the form of sharing of interest income.The balance sheet of Nabil Invest shows the increase in amount of share capital of Nabil Invest as well as increased in fixed assets and other assets. From Investments Portfolios of Nabil Invest, it is recognized that highest amount of investment has been made for the Government Treasury Bills in each fiscal year. The lowest amount of investment has been made for other investments like NCM Mutual Fund and Swift Investment. 3. 2 Conclusion From the above study, it is clear that for the purpose -To be the first Choice Provider of Complete Financial Solutions Nabil bank has created a subsidiary ie.Nabil Investment Banking Ltd. (Nabil Invest). Nabil Investment over the period will be managing public issues, underwriting of securities, management of clients portfolio & rendering the services of the registrar to securities to client institut ions. In addition, the unit will also be delivering Bond/Debenture Trusteeship services, work as Assets Management Company of the mutual fund promoted by Nabil, provide investment advisory services etc.Further, the Unit will keep on exploring and introducing innovative instruments in the Nepalese capital market. It is providing innovative, quality and timely services to the investors at large. Thus, the ultimate goal of Nabil Invest would be to stabilize the unit as just not a Merchant Banker but as an Investment Banker providing innovative, quality and timely services to the investors at large. This would differentiate itself from its competitors and create a niche of itself in the market.

P&G Research Essay

Does the company rely primarily on a customer intimacy, operational excellence, or yield leadership customer value proposition? What evidence supports your conclusion? What business risks does P&G aspect that may threaten its ability to satisfy stockholder expectations? What are some examples of control activities that the company could spend to reduce these risks? (Hint Focus on page 28 of the annual report. ) What were P&Gs every quarter net gross revenue for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2005? What were Federated Department Stores quarterly net sales for 2004? Hint dupe page 79 of its 10-K. ) How does P&Gs quarterly sales trend compare to Federated Department Stores quarterly sales trend? Which of the two quarterly sales trends is likely to cause greater cash budgeting concerns? wherefore? Describe the scope of P&Gs business in three respectsphysical facilities, products, and customers. More specifically, how many manufacturing facilities does P&G operate globally? What are P&Gs three Global Business Units (GBUs)? Which of P&Gs 17 trillion dollar brands are included in each of these GBUs? How many brands does P&G offer in total and in how many countries do they sell these brands?How many countries does P&Gs Market Development arrangement operate in? Describe five uncertainties that complicate P&Gs efforts to accurately forecast its sales and expenses. P&Gs annual report briefly discuss the acquisition of Gillette (see pages 10-11). It acknowledges that Gillette has some different heathen norms in wrong of how it defines accountability and communicates internally. Although not discussed in the annual report, how could differences in two organizations budgeting practices be responsible for these types of divergent cultural norms?

Saponifacation of Ethyl Acetate and Soldium Hydroxide

ethyl group Acetate NaOH Reaction Kinetics Experiment Martin Novick Group 14, chemical Engineering Laboratory Submitted to Prof. David B. Henthorn September 25, 2012 Summary The goal of this project was to determine the pre-exponential particularor, k o , the activating energy, E, and the reply tramp constants, k, of the saponification growth of ethyl group radical acetate using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at 5 temperature betwixt 15 and 25 degrees Celsius. Two trails were performed at temperatures 16, 18, 20, 22, and 24 degrees Celsius. The main equipment of the project were the jacketed beaker grasp reactor and the LabPro conduction probe.The resolvents conduction passim the reaction was collected and whileted in a one-dimensionalized darn against time to retrieve range for each trial. The outrank law was assumed to be = , where and atomic number 18 the parsimoniousnesss of sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate respectively. The ln? k) set were darnted against the inverse temperatures to ( analogize the Arrhenius equation. The k o care for and E value from the linearized Arrhenius darn were prove to be 15 3M ? 1 s ? 1 and ? 6402 8191? j ? mol? 1 respectively. The E value world ostracize suggests the reaction is exothermic. The large measuring rod wrongful conducts of the and set were probably caused by the low number of data points collected or the assumed rate law was wrong. Introduction The objective of this project was to determine the pre-exponential factor, k o , the activation energy, E, and the reaction rate constants, k, of the saponification process of ethyl acetate using sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Saponification is a chemical process intemperately used in industry, especi entirelyy in soap production.Knowing the effects of temperature on the reaction rate allows make better control over the reaction process and find the optimizing point of production. The right temperature maximizes production and minimizes r eactants and heating or cooling energy, finding the maximum possible profit. 2 The saponification of ethyl acetate with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is an equi-molar reaction accustomed as NaOH + CH3 COOCH2 CH3 CH3 COONa + CH3 CH2 OH. 2 The rate was assumed to be second rove overall, but first vagabond relative to either reactant,2 with the disappearance rate of sodium hydroxide given as4 dCOH = ? COH Cac , dt (1) where COH is the NaOH concentration, Cac is the concentration of ethyl acetate, and k is the rate constant. COH is represented with x, and Cac is assumed to be in excess with a starting signal concentration of a. The concentration of ethyl acetate throughout the reaction was given as Cac = a ? xo + x, where xo is the initial starting concentration of NaOH. substitute the expressions for COH and Cac into Equation 1 results in dx = ? kx(a ? xo + x). dt Equation 2 is then separated and merged shown as the following ? t dx = ? k ? dt. xo x(a ? xo + x) 0 x (2) (3)The result o f equation 3 would incur ln ( xo (a ? xo + x) ) ax = kt. a ? xo (4) Since a 20% excess ethyl acetate resolving was used, the initial ethyl acetate concentration was 1. 25 times of the initial starting concentration of NaOH, so a = 1. 25xo . afterward the substitution of a = 1. 25xo , Equation 4 was simplified to 3 0. 2x ln ( x o + 0. 8) = kt. 0. 25xo The relationship between xo x (5) and conductivity of the solution was given as2 ? = , ? (6) where is the initial conductivity of NaOH before adding ethyl acetate, s the conductivity after the reaction has reached completion, and is the conductivity at whatsoever point of time during the reaction process. Substituting Equation 6 into Equation 5 gives the following ? ln (0. 2 ? ? + 0. 8) ? = kt. 0. 25xo (7) Since , and are constants, the only variable in the left hand side of Equation 7 be . Each point batch be substituted into the left hand side of Equation 7 and secret planted against time to retrieve a linear pl ot with the slope being the k value. To find the value of the pre-exponential factor, and activation energy, , would require linearizing the Arrhenius equation given as k = k o , where R is the gas constant and T is the temperature the given k is at in degrees Kelvin. Equation 8 is linearized by fetching the natural log of both sides ln(k) = ln(k o ) ? E . RT 1 (8) (9) to retrieve a linear plot with Equation 9 shows a linear relationship between ln(k) and 4 the y- catch being ln( ) and the slope being . Hence k o = ey? intercept . = ? (10) (11) Equipment, Materials, and Method The equipment used were a jacketed batch reactor beaker, cooling water circulation system, computer, LabPro temperature probe and conductivity probe, miscellanea stand and magnetic stir bar. The materials used for this reaction were a 0. 08M NaOH solution and a 0. 1M ethyl acetate solution. A 20% excess Ethyl acetate was used to ensure NaOH was the hold in reactant. 1 NaOH was chosen for the limiti ng reactant because of its high conductivity relative to Ethyl acetate. The extent of the reaction was monitored by measuring the conductivity throughout the reaction.With NaOH being the limiting reactant, the change in conductivity is more than visible, and the termination of the reaction bunghole be more easily discover. The each experimental trail was setup as shown in omens A1 and A2 of cecal appendage A. The temperature and conductivity probes were completely submerged under the surface of the reacting solution. One data reading was retrieved per second. Before the reaction process begun, the cooling water circulation system was set at desired temperature and the reactants were cooled to the target temperature to keep an 5 isothermal reaction environment.In Equation 8, the k value was only a function of temperature if temperature varied throughout the reaction, the k value would also vary throughout the reaction. The reaction was started once thermal equilibrium between the batch reactor beaker and cooling water was established. For about the first half a minute, only the conductivity of NaOH in the reactor was collected, to ensure the initial conductivity in conductivity was more easily observed. The initial conductivity was the first conductivity point after the major drop of conductivity due to the addition of ethyl acetate.The reaction was started after about half a minute after the start of the data ingathering by adding the ethyl acetate. The solution was well mixed throughout the reaction to ensure a render temperature of the solution, to prevent any local k set being different from the overall k value. If thither any temperature gradients throughout the system existed during the reaction process, there would be different local k values throughout the reactor. entropy collection was terminated at least half a minute after the reaction had gone to completion, when no conductivity change was observed.The final reaction completion conductivity , , was the conductivity of the solution after the reaction has completed, and was used to find k value. Hysteresis effects were removed by using a random number generator to determine the order of trials. 6 Results and Discussion 1. 2 1. 1 1 0. 9 ln(k) 0. 8 0. 7 0. 6 0. 5 0. 4 0. 3 0. 00335 0. 00337 0. 00339 0. 00341 1/T (T-1) y = -4378. 4x + 15. 713 R? = 0. 7383 0. 00343 1 0. 00345 0. 00347 Figure 1 the plot of the linearized Arrhenius equation where ln( ) . The linearized Arrhenius equation plot shown in Figure 1 has a R2 value of 0. 383 suggesting the data does not capture a good linear fit. The deprivation of data points may have been the cause of the low R2 value. The ln(k) values of the comparable temperature mostly seem to have small variations, but overall has the predicted trend of decreasing in ln(k) value as ?1 increases. The plot has a negative overall trend with and hence retrieving a negative E value. The negative E value suggests the release of energy as the r eaction proceeds. Table B1 in appendix B shows the retrieved values of k, ko and E. The positive ko value was expected according to Equation 8.Since k values are linearly proportional to ko, for k values to be positive, ko must also be positive. The resulting negative E value was an expected result, since the reaction was said to be very spontaneous. The threadbare errors of ko and E being about 20% to 25% of the maestro value, suggests the data as inexact. The imprecision of the data can also be observed from the low R2 value. 7 Looking at the imprecision of the plot in Figure 1, there is a notable difference between the k values at the same temperature for = 0. 003364 (24oC) and 1 1 = 0. 03455(16oC). This may be due to the variance in concentration of solutions since solutions were remade each science laboratory day. Another possible cause maybe that the table of contents of solutions may have reacted with the atmosphere introducing extra contents to the reaction. The k valu es all have standard errors less than 1%. Figures B1 to B5 of Appendix B shows the plots of ln( 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 0. 25xo used to find the k values at each temperature. The plots all have a positive trend which is reasonable according to Equation 7.The resulting slope is the k value of that trial, and the k values cannot be negative. Also the R2 values of the plots were all above 0. 95, suggesting a good fit with the linear better(p) fit line model. Despite the high R2 values, the a clear parabolic trend was observed in all the oddment plots shown in Figures B6 to B14 of Appendix B, the linear property of the plots are questioned. Figure B15 of Appendix B shows an example plot of the full data from 16oC trail 1. A clear linear trend was observed from the beginning of the plot, but an obvious curve was observed from the end of the plot.This observation was probably due to the fact that as the reaction proceeded, the reaction started behaving like a first order reaction. The first order reaction behavior is because near the end of the reaction of the excess ethyl acetate concentration was much greater than the NaOH concentration and can be treated as a constant. With the concentration of ethyl acetate being constant the only resulting variable would be 8 the NaOH concentration. Conclusion and Recommendations The retrieved ko value and E value were 15 0. 3 and ? 36402 8191.Since the standard errors of ko and E values were about 20% and 25% of the original value respectively, and the R2 value was only 0. 7383 for the plot in Figure 1, the data is cogitate to be imprecise and that more data points should be collected to improve the precision. The assumption of the rate being second order overall, but first order relative to either reactant was concluded to be inappropriate. Though the R2 value for all the trials were above 0. 95, because a clear parabolic trend was observed in all the symmetricalness plots, Figures B6 to B14 of Appendix B, it was concluded t hat all the trial data do not have a linear relationship.Since it has been concluded that the assumed rate equation, Equation 1, does not describe the reaction, a new rate equation is undeniable to describe the reaction. The low R2 value in Figure 1 can be improved by increasing the amount of data collected. More trails can be done at each temperature and more temperatures can be tested within the given interval. One large passel solution can be made and used for all the trails, but stored and isolated from the atmosphere. The error caused by the variation in concentrations of the reactants at different trails can be solved by using the one large bulk of reactants.The problem of the reactants reacting with the atmosphere can be solved by isolating the reactants from the atmosphere during storage. 9 References 1 Crismyre, Bobby, Do, Bryan, and Kronmiller, Mandy. Ethyl Acetate NaOH Reaction Kinetics Experiment Standard Operating Procedures, (2010) 2 Julio F. Mata-Segreda, Hydroxide as a habitual Base in the Saponification of Ethyl Acetate. Journal of the American Chemical Society, (2010), 124 (10), 2259-2262. 3 Keusch Fachdidaktik Chemie. Reaction Second Order, Institute of fundamental Chemistry, Universitat Regensburg. 4 Schmidt, Larry D. The Engineering of Chemical Reactions, 2 Ed.Press, New York (2005) Oxford University 10 APPENDIX A Experimental Set Up Figure A 1 Shows the theoretical setup and flow of each experiment. Figure A 2 Shows the actual set up used for each experiment. 11 APPENDIX B Experimental Results and Data Table B 1 shows the result of the desired information Set Temperature (oC) 16 ( rivulet 1) 16 (Trial 2) 18 (Trial 1) 20 (Trial 1) 20 (Trial 2) 22 (Trial 1) 22 (Trial 2) 24 (Trial 1) 24 (Trial 2) ( 1 ?1 ) ( ) Actual Temperature (oC) 16. 45 0. 05 16. 44 0. 04 18. 33 0. 03 20. 30 0. 05 20. 30 0. 5 22. 24 0. 04 22. 25 0. 05 16. 45 0. 05 16. 45 0. 05 15 3 ? 36402 8191 k-values ( 1 min? 1 ) 1. 6740. 001 2. 0230. 001 1. 9210. 002 2. 2410. 002 2. 2470. 003 2. 2440. 006 2. 1690. 002 2. 5720. 003 3. 1400. 002 12 25 20 y = 2. 0232x R? = 0. 9994 15 Y (L/mol) y = 1. 6744x R? = 0. 9972 10 5 0 0 2 ln( 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 4 6 Time (min) 8 ln( 10 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 12 Figuer B 1 maculation of 0. 25xo at 16 degrees Celsius, where = 0. 25xo . 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 -2 ln( 1 +1)) 1. 25 y = 1. 9206x R? = 0. 9974 Series1 Linear (Series1) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Figuer B 2 Plot of 0. 25xo at 18 degrees Celsius, where = ln( 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 0. 25xo . 13 25 y = 2. 247x R? = 0. 9964 y = 2. 2407x R? = 0. 9982 Y (L/mol) 15 Trial 1 Trial 2 10 Linear (Trial 1) Linear (Trial 2) 5 20 0 0 2 4 6 Time (min) 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 8 10 12 Figuer B 3 Plot of ln( 0. 25xo at 20 degrees Celsius, where = ln( 0. 25xo . 0 18 16 14 Y (L/mol) 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 2 4 Time (min) 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 y = 2. 244x R? = 0. 9909 y = 2. 1687x R? = 0. 9985 Trial 1 Trial 2 Linear (Trial 1) Linear (Trial 2) 6 8 10 Figuer B 4 Plot of ln( 0. 25xo at 22 degrees Celsius, where = ln( 0. 25xo . 14 25 20 y = 2. 5723x R? = 0. 9982 15 Y (L/mol) y = 3. 1405x R? = 0. 9992 Trial 1 Trial 2 Linear (Trial 1) Linear (Trial 2) 10 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 Time (min) 5 6 7 8 Figuer B 5 Plot of ln( 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 . 25xo at 24 degrees Celsius, where = ln( 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 0. 25xo . X variant 1 Residual Plot 0. 8 0. 6 Residuals 0. 4 0. 2 0 -0. 2 -0. 4 0 2 4 6 X unsettled 1 8 10 12 Figure B 6 The equaliser plot for 16 degrees Celsius Trial 1. 15 X Variable 1 Residual Plot 0. 6 0. 4 Residuals 0. 2 0 -0. 2 -0. 4 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 X Variable 1 Figure B 7 The residual plot for 16 degrees Celsius Trial 2. X Variable 1 Residual Plot 0. 8 0. 6 Residuals 0. 4 0. 2 0 -0. 2 -0. 4 0 1 2 3 4 X Variable 1 5 6 7 8 Figure B 8 The residual plot for 18 degrees Celsius Trial 1. X Variable 1 Residual Plot 0. 8 0. 6 Residuals 0. 4 0. 2 0 -0. 2 0 -0. 4 -0. 6 X Variable 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 Figure B 9 The residual plot for 20 degrees Celsius Trial 1. 16 X Variable 1 Residual Plot 1. 5 1 Residuals 0. 5 0 0 -0. 5 -1 X Variable 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 Figure B 10 The residual plot for 20 degrees Celsius Trial 2. X Variable 1 Residual Plot 1. 5 1 Residuals 0. 5 0 -0. 5 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 X Variable 1 Figure B 11 The residual plot for 22 degrees Celsius Trial 1. X Variable 1 Residual Plot 0. 8 0. 6 Residuals 0. 4 0. 2 0 -0. 2 -0. 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X Variable 1 Figure B 12 The residual plot for 22 degrees Celsius Trial 12 7 X Variable 1 Residual Plot 1 Residuals 0. 5 0 0 -0. 5 1 2 3 4 X Variable 1 5 6 7 8 Figure B 13 The residual plot for 24 degrees Celsius Trial 1. X Variable 1 Residual Plot 0. 6 0. 4 Residuals 0. 2 0 -0. 2 -0. 4 0 1 2 3 4 X Variable 1 5 6 7 8 Figure B 14 The residual plot for 24 degrees Celsius Trial 2. 140 120 100 Y (L/mol) 80 60 40 20 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Time (min) Figure B 15 The plot of all the data from 16oC trail 2 18 APPENDIX C Sample Calculations Volume of 1M NaOH solution needed to prepare 300mL 0. 08M NaOH solution 0. 3 ? 0. 08 = 0. 024 = 24 Volume of ethyl acetate needed to prepare a 300mL 0. 1M ethyl acetate solution 1000 88. 105 3 0. 001 0. 10 ? ? ? ? ? 0. 3 = 2. 96 0. 897 3 Finding E value Calculating the k value for time being 1 minute in trial 2 of 16 degrees = ? = ? 2904. 9 ? 8. 3145 = ? 24153 1 ? ln ( ( + 1)) 1. 25 ? 0. 25xo 1 16324. 71 ? 4698. 16 ln ( ( + 1)) 1. 25 8259. 03 ? 4698. 16 0. 25(0. 8) = kt = = 14. 89 19APPENDIX D Error Analysis If the result (R) is calculated by the following equation = ? where is the exponent of the free-lance variable, . The standard error would be calculated by the following equation 2 2 = (? ( ) ) 1 (1) (2) where is taken from equation 5, is the standard error of each individual independent variable. Since the equation used is the following ? ln (0. 8 ( ? ? + 1)) ? 0. 25 = , 3) where is the rate constant, is the initial conductivity, is the conductivity at the end of the reaction, is the conductivity a t any time, and is the initial concentration of the NaOH solution. The error of the right hand side of equation 3 with = 36. 662 is show as the follow 36. 662 (( 0. 0339 ) ) = 15. 536. 0. 08 1 2 2 was given the value of 0. 08 with an uncertainty of 0. 0339. The reaction rate constant, k, were found by the best fit line of the plot, so the uncertainty of the k were found by taking the linear regression.The rate constant was the slope of the best fit line making the calculation of the error with a 95% confidence level as = 1. 96 ? , v? 2 ? 2 Where , is the standard error of estimate, is the x values of the plot, n being the number of points, and = ? =1 , (4) . As for the y intercept, or the activation energy, the error with a 95% confidence level would be 20 = 1. 96 ? , v 1 (? )2 + 2 , (? 2 ? 2 ) (5) Where , is the standard error of estimate, is the x values of the plot, n being the number of points, and = ? =1 . The standard error of estimate, , , seen in both equation 4 and equation 5 is given as , =v ? ( ? )2 , ? 2 (6) where is the y value of the points, is the corresponding y value on the best fit line, and n is the number of data points.