Operations Research Questions

Pace University [email  protected] Faculty Working Papers Lubin School of Business 11-1-1999 The Mystery of Linear Programming Explained: Second Edition Jack Yurkiewicz Pace University Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons. pace. edu/lubinfaculty_workingpapers Recommended Citation Yurkiewicz, Jack, â€Å"The Mystery of Linear Programming Explained: Second Edition† (1999). Faculty Working Papers. Paper 21. http://digitalcommons. pace. edu/lubinfaculty_workingpapers/21 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Lubin School of Business at [email  protected]It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Working Papers by an authorized administrator of [email  protected] For more information, please contact [email  protected] edu. WORKING PAPERS No. 191 November 1999 The Mystery of Linear Programming Explained: Second Edition by Jack Yurkewicz, Ph. D. Professor of Management Science and Director of the Advanced Professional Certifica te Program Lubin School of Business Pace University THE MYSTERY OF LINEAR PROGRAMMING EXPLAINEDSECOND EDITION As Recounted by John H. Watson, M. D.Edited by Jack Yurkiewicz, Ph. D. Jack Yurkiewicz is Professor of Management Science and Director of the Advanced Professional Certificate Program at the Lubin School of Business, Pace University. Introduction INTRODUCTION I hadn't seen my old friend and companion, Sir Sherlock Holmes (he had been knighted by the Queen and insisted that this appellation be used) in several months. Feeling that I had slighted him, I rang him up and told him I would be stopping by the next day to see how his new business venture was progressing.Holmes was truly glad to hear my voice and urged that we have lunch together. While he hinted that his firm, of which he was the sole employee, was doing well, he did indeed wish to discuss a business proposition with me. Needless to say, I was intrigued. I won’t bother to bore you, dear reader, with some of o ur mundane conversation the next day save to say that I found Holmes to be moodier than ever. The great detective had long ago become bored with crime solving, claiming there was little challenge in solving many of the violent crimes that seemed so prevalent in our society.The firm that he started provided consulting service to corporations, in which he would use his mental abilities to help managers solve their business-related problems. Holmes explained to me that he enjoyed the challenge of his new endeavors but was finding it increasingly difficult to converse with these â€Å"business types,† as he called them. He just didn't have the patience to explain his findings to them, for he found them curiously dull. Holmes went on to say that he had no doubt that this fact was the cause of the country's lack of success in the international business environment.I didn't want to say it, but I thought to myself that the fault might not be solely with the business managers he was d ealing with, but partially with him, for I myself frequently found him short-tempered and impatient, even during his ordinary conversations with me. In any case, his proposition to me was simple. Holmes: Listen, Watson, I just can't bear the thought of explaining to these so-called â€Å"leaders† how they should be running their firms. They come to me with some specific problem, usually ill-defined, and then expect me to come up with a solution.I have found that getting the solution is fairly trivial, but I have the dickens of a time trying to explain it to them! You have a solid head on your shoulders, old fellow. Suppose you became my partner. Your only job would be to explain to them the solution that I propose, for I fear that my patience is not as long as yours is. Watson: The thought intrigues me, for I have been cutting back on my practice lately and do find myself available with more free time. What procedures do you use to get your results?Holmes: Mostly a branch of mathematics called â€Å"operations research,† which incidentally has its roots in this country during the Second World War. I collect the data, enter it on a computer I have in my study, and in almost an instant, I get the results. Watson: Well, I am afraid that tears it, Holmes. I don't know the first thing about operations research and thus could not possibly explain it to others. I did try to learn the subject several years back. I bought a college textbook on the subject and spent several frustrating days trying to learn linear programming.The subject seemed understandable enough, but I became hopelessly 1 The Mystery of Linear Program Explained lost on the mechanics of the simplex algorithm. I was working with equations and performing what the author called â€Å"elementary row operations. † Believe me, there was nothing elementary about it. After three days I threw the book down in disgust and came to the conclusion that only masochists or the temporarily insane would ever try to fathom such a subject. Holmes: I fear you overestimate the subject's complexity, but the point is irrelevant.No one really does these things by hand anymore, and so it was just your poor fortune to buy a book that was obsolete. All is now done with the aid of the computer. In fact, I am using a program called Solver, which is a part of Excel which is unusually easy to use and powerful. I will explain the computer output to you, along with its ramifications, and then you in turn will explain it to the manager in question. It really is quite simple, and if I may say, also lucrative. The more Holmes spoke, the more interested I became.His power of persuasion was truly formidable, and in the end, against much misgiving on my part, I agreed to enter into this venture on a trial basis. Holmes was satisfied with my decision and proposed that we start immediately with a problem that he had completed the other day that he was due to report on the following week. HOLMES DES CRIBES THE CASE Holmes: The Maximus Computer Company (MCC) has four basic computers it sells to students and small business people. The first, called the Starter, is a basic, â€Å"no-frills† computer.It has most of the amenities that a new user or a buyer on a strict budget could want, including CDROM with sound, an entry-level processor, a small hard disk, a modem for Internet access, and a 15-inch monitor. The second model, called the Midrange, is for more demanding users. This model offers a faster processor, larger hard disk, more RAM, a DVD player, and a 17-inch monitor. The third model, the Super, provides just about all the computing power a user could want. It offers even more RAM, a very fast processor, a large hard disk, a DVD player with hardware decoder, and a 17-inch monitor.All but the most demanding users would be very happy with the Super. However, for those who want the very â€Å"best,† the company offers the Extreme which offers a state-of-the-art p rocessor, a huge hard disk, the best multimedia package (the latest generation DVD ROM with a five-piece speaker system), a CD re-writable drive, a 19inch monitor, etc. Thus, while the company offers only four models, it feels there is enough flexibility to cover most of the target computer audience. It is a small start-up company and management knows it has to compete against the heavily entrenched products from Dell, IBM, Compaq, Hewlett-Packard, and Gateway.The company philosophy is to ship computers with brandknown components and offer superior service, all at a cost to consumers that is lower than the competition's. Watson: Well, Holmes, I believe I know about the philosophy of the company and its immediate goals. Can you please tell me more about the four models of computers we offer? 2 How the Operation Works Holmes: As I said, Maximus makes four models with different levels of features, all with the same customer support. They believe that whatever the sophistication of the machine, customer support should be â€Å"top notch† and not deteriorate with the price.In the long run, that will generate customer good will and promote their growth in the market. Watson: I agree whole-heartedly. Tell me a bit more about the computers themselves. HOW THE OPERATION WORKS Holmes: As you probably know, the computer industry is currently very competitive, and profit margins are low for each model. The net profit on a Starter is $50, for a Midrange it is $120, for a Super it is $250, and for an Extreme it is $300. These figures already take into account material, labor, depreciation, taxes, shipping, etc. In other words, these are the net profits to the company for each computer sold.Watson: Eventually we can delve into how these values are determined and perhaps how we can increase them, but for now, let’s assume that they are sacrosanct. What else can you tell me about the operation? Holmes: Management has, what they call â€Å"three operations† that make a computer. They call the first operation manufacture. This includes taking the customer’s phone call and determining which computer and options he or she wants and getting that information to the management of the production staff. They in turn will get the necessary components and make them available to the workers on the assembly line.The second operation is referred to as assembly, where the workers on the assembly line actually put together the computer, according the specifications of the customer’s order. These are skilled workers who take pride in their work, and even though they work on an assembly line, they do not have an â€Å"assembly line mentality,† for they believe they are making custom products for specific customers. The last operation is called inspection. Here we install the software, run various diagnostic tests, and generally check out and pack up the computer before we send it to the customer. Watson: I see. operations?Do you h ave approximate time figures on how long it takes to do these Holmes: It is a function of the computer. However, they have been doing this for some time now and so the time values do not vary all that much from machine to machine. Thus, for instance, for a Starter, we can assume 0. 1 hours for manufacture, 0. 2 hours for assembly, and 0. 1 hours for inspection. Our units are always in hours,I hope that doesn’t confuse you. Watson: Not at all. Actually, I’m used to minutes and so I am making mental transformations, but since the â€Å"company units† are always measured in hours, I will use those also.Tell me the corresponding values for the other computers. 3 The Mystery of Linear Programming Explained Holmes: For a Midrange, we use 0. 2 hours to manufacture, 0. 5 hours to assemble, and 0. 2 hours for inspection. Each Super requires 0. 7 hours to manufacture, 0. 25 hours to assemble, and 0. 3 hours inspection and testing. Finally, the Extreme gets 0. 8 hours to m anufacture, 0. 2 hours to assemble, and 0. 5 hours for inspection. As I said, these numbers really don’t vary all that much from machine to machine, but as you can see, they do differ from model to model.Watson: Very well. What about your resources? How many people, or should I say, how many people-hours are available to do those three operations? Holmes: I agree with you that we should talk in terms of people-hours. I have been using the term â€Å"man-hours† for many years and if I lapse into that gender-specific term, please forgive me. To avoid offending you, I will just use the word â€Å"hours† from now on, but I hope you know I mean â€Å"people-hours† when I say it. Watson: Have no fear on my account, Holmes. My sensibilities will not be hurt if you use the older term â€Å"man-hours. What numbers do you have? Holmes: On a daily basis, management informed me that the company has 250 hours available for manufacture, 350 hours available for assembl y, and 150 hours to do the inspection and testing. Watson: I presume that with all this information, we can proceed to model the problem as a linear program. Holmes: Indeed, Watson. As I intimated earlier, we can solve linear programs with Excel. Excel comes with an add-on package called Solver that is easy to use and yet powerful enough to solve most mathematical programming problems.All we have to do is make a spreadsheet model of the problem and Solver will do the rest. Watson: Well, that certainly is good news. I use Excel and I have made many models. But how do you make a linear program model in Excel? MODELING THE PROBLEM IN EXCEL Holmes: Have a look at the Excel spreadsheet model here on my computer, Watson. It is imperative that you first learn how to model a problem in a spreadsheet. Once you master this skill, we can then proceed to discuss how Solver can be used to get the answer for us.Cells B1, C1, D1, and E1 give the labels of our computers, which in linear programming terminology are called decision variables. We want the values of these variables to appear in cells B2, C2, D2, and E2. Excel’s Solver will call these cells the changing cells. We put the per-unit profit of each computer into cells B4 through D4. These numbers are traditionally called the objective function coefficients. We must enter a formula into cell I2 (which we labeled as the Profit in cell I1) that will give the net profit for all the computer’s made. 4 Modeling the Program in ExcelA 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 B Starter 0 50 0. 1 0. 2 0. 1 C Midrange 0 120 0. 2 0. 5 0. 2 D Super 0 250 0. 7 0. 25 0. 3 E Extreme 0 300 F G H I Profit 0 max manufacture assembly inspection Available 0. 8 250 0. 2 350 0. 5 150 Used Slack 0 250 0 350 0 150 Watson: I know how to do that. We would type in cell I2 the formula: =B2*B4 + C2*C4 + D2*D4 + E2*E4 Algebraically, we are saying, with this formula: 50(Starters) + 120(Midrange) + 250(Super) + 300(Extreme) Of course, the value in cell I2 is ze ro because we have zero values for the number of computers made in cells B2 through E2.Holmes: Well done, Watson! You should know that there is a shortcut to this rather tedious formula. Excel has the built-in function, SUMPRODUCT, which will save us much typing. That is, in cell I2 we can simply type: =SUMPRODUCT(B2:E2,B4:E4) That says: multiply the values in cells B2 through E2 by the corresponding values in the cells B4 through E4 respectively, and then add up the results. That gives us the same result as your formula. However, it is easier to input, since we need just type in the =sumproduct, highlight the ranges, and type the parentheses.The result is our total profit, which Solver calls the target cell. Watson: I suspect that we will be using that sumproduct function again. Tell me about the other items I see in your spreadsheet. Holmes: Our model is incomplete. We need to specify the constraints. These account for the technological, economic, or other limitations of the syste m, and restrict the values of the decision variables to some feasible set. We have three constraints in our problem: manufacturing, assembly, and inspection. Our manufacturing constraint is: 0. 1(Starter) + 0. 2(Midrange) + 0. 7(Super) + 0. 8(Extreme)

Select and explain the most important factors that led to Hitler’s rise to power in 1933

In the early 1930's around 5 million Germans were unemployed, in the public's opinion the Weimar republic was to blame. The majority of the public believed that Germany had not lost the war but in fact were winning it before they were â€Å"stabbed in the back† by the â€Å"November Criminals,† the politicians who signed the Treaty of Versailles. The Treaty of Versailles had been criticised for causing the continual economic depression in Germany Before 1929, the majority of the German public were content with their democratic government, and did not have these views; this was when Germany was enjoying a period of relative economic prosperity, fuelled by loans from the United States. The period quickly ended with the Wall Street crash, which was a huge blow to Germany. America recalled all the loans that had helped to rebuild Germany's economy, which in addition to Germany's existing unemployment problems caused the operation of German industry to cease increasing unemployment even further. In addition, Germany's trading relations with America were severely damaged. Without the American market, the number of exports from Germany decreased dramatically. As in the depression of 1923, the Weimar Republic was held responsible, people became angry, and the â€Å"stab in the back† theory, which was a popular idea during the 1923 depression, returned. The German public had completely lost faith in their democratic government. Germans began to turn to more extreme parties such as the communists and the Nazis. Statistics showed that as unemployment went up, support for the Nazi's grew. In 1928, there were 1. million people unemployed; the figure had risen to 6 million by 1932, the year of the enabling act. The public's growing support for the Nazi party was further strengthened by the death of Gustav Stresemann who died on the 3rd of October 1929; Stresemann was considered one of Germany's most able politicians, well known for bringing Germany out of depression. This death was of huge benefit to the Nazis as, before the event, the successes of Stresemann's policies had prevented them from gaining popularity, because the policies had always been successful in reducing unemployment, and other economic problems. Stresemann's death meant, in the eyes of the public, that the Weimar Republic was now incapable of bringing Germany out of depression. After this event, the German's support for extreme parties, including the Nazis grew even further. It was not only the unemployed who were attracted to the Nazi party because of this, but also people suffering from the increasing worry of job losses, caused by the depression. If it had not been for the Wall Street crash and Stresemann's death, the German public would have been content with the Weimar Republic, and would have not have supported the Nazi's. Once Hitler had gained popularity, he would not have been able to become chancellor without the help of Franz Von Papen, the existing chancellor in 1932. Von Papen felt that a connection with Hitler and the Nazi party would help him gain support for his own party. In December 1932, President Hindenburg made General Schleicher chancellor of Germany. Von Papen wanted a return to power so he struck a deal with the Nazis. The agreement was that Hitler would be given complete unconditional control of Germany. A constitutional change this great needed ? majority vote. The Nazi private army surrounded the Kroll opera house where the voting took place shouting, â€Å"we want the bill or fire or murder† and communist mps were not allowed into the building. After five years, Hitler used his power to extend it. It is argued however that this was just a natural succession from Hitler becoming popular after the depression and not a reason for him coming into power in itself.

The Malaysian Sibu Pasar Malam

Judging by the popularity of the Malaysian night market or pasar malam, it’s safe to say that this form of trading is here to stay despite the surge of shopping malls in the country. Markets of any kind are often representative of a country’s culture and the way of life of its citizens. Markets essentially bring together traders, ordinary people and children, either for a simple errand or a journey to discover delicious food and local goods. Some of the more well-known night markets are in Taiwan and Hong Kong, but Malaysians believe their country offers some of the best night markets – known locally as the pasar malam – to rival their counterparts in Asia. The Sibu Pasar Malam Survivors in the concrete jungle One would think that shopping at night markets would lose its appeal in a country where shopping malls are fast emerging. But judging from the crowds, the pasar malam is here to stay. Bangsar Baru’s night market is one of many examples of how a pasar malam survives in a rapidly developing city. Hundreds of Bangsar residents and tourists flock to this night market weekly, to buy groceries, have a meal or simply soak in the colourful atmosphere. The term night market does not necessarily mean that the market operates solely during nightfall. As early as three in the afternoon, access to main roads are closed, so that stall owners or hawkers can start setting up their stalls, umbrellas, tables and flourescent lights, and start displaying their goods and produce. The stall owners start this early and trade late into the night, sometimes till 11pm or midnight. Sunday is a popular day for the pasar malam, simply because it’s a day off and people have the time to window shop and run their weekly errands. Popular spots include Bangsar, Paramount Garden and Batu Feringghi in Penang. Some night markets open daily such as the one in Taman Connaught in Cheras. The pasar malam on Lorong Tuanku Abdul Rahman is believed to be the largest one in Kuala Lumpur, trading only on Saturdays. Sometimes, depending on the popularity of the markets, one residential area would hold two night markets in a week, taking turns to capture the attention of shoppers. SS2 is an example. On Mondays, the stalls are set up around the playground in the central area of SS2?s commercial area, attracting hundreds of patrons each week. On Thursdays, the area near the Cheow Yang shops are closed off for the second night market. Plenty to choose from: Tourists surveying the mouth-watering food at a pasar malam. Trinkets, treasures and a whole lot more Night markets attract people from all ages and all walks of life. Produce and goods such as vegetables, fruits, snacks, toys, clothes and all types of household ornaments are for sale at these night markets. Patrons will always tell you that goods are slighty cheaper at the pasar malam compared with produce and goods from the supermarkets or shopping malls. The novelty of shopping at the night markets is that patrons have the opportunity to haggle and bargain for lower prices with traders. Tourists are also advised that pasar malam offers them a chance to practice their bargaining skills with the local business community. Treasures are in abundance in the night market, depending on what is sought. For example, in Sarawak’s Lembangan night market, patrons could possibly find jungle fruit and ferns, snakes or snails. First time visitors to night markets are told to expect noisy, jostling crowds, and as such, are not for the claustrophic or the shopping mall addict. The colour, smells and conversations at a pasar malam offer a wonderful opportunity for locals and travellers to enjoy Malaysia’s cultures and diverse communities.

Integrated Spatial Fire and Forest Management Planning Article

Integrated Spatial Fire and Forest Management Planning - Article Example The article puts forward the notion that fire science should reapply many of these metrics so that human activities, the impact of access roads, and other factors are counted alongside the information that has traditionally been accounted for with regards to fire loss estimates as a means of more realistically relating key information to the concerned parties. An alternative view of this particular debate is with regards to the fact that many individuals within the fire service community and forcefully management communities are of the opinion that human impacts upon natural environments cannot be categorically stated or counted in a verifiable manner due to the fact that many of these impacts are created long before forcefully management and/or subsequent forest fires actually take place within the region. Although it is true that certain human impacts to forest management and forest fires as a whole can take place long after the region has been designated as a forestry management a rea or even experienced a forest fire. This disconnect between time periods and the means by which human impacts affect different regions to a different degree casts a level of doubt with regards to the metrics and means by which the authors of this particular article measure it against is somewhat worrisome due to the fact that the metrics by which the authors propose would necessarily have the individual believed that any and all forest fires are impacted upon by the very same mechanism.

Quantitative Analysis for Management Speech or Presentation

Quantitative Analysis for Management - Speech or Presentation Example But escalates labor cost by 32% that is 4,000 hours out of the total number of 12,500 hours. Then the subsequent mode; is modified model after taking into reconsideration the labor time and corresponding labor cost: Through searching for the maximum profits mainly based on the LP utilizing POM software, the corresponding maximum profits will be $59,900 resulted from the prevailing manufacturing 1,100 units of W00075C, 250 units of W0033C, and 600 units of W0007X (Render & Stair, Hanna, 2012). Moreover, the outcome also depicts of not to produce W0005C product. Addition of more headcounts within the drawing department will reduce the labor time and increasing the labor cost by 32% (Anderson, 2013). In regard to the outcome from the POM software, the underlying quantity of the will not change (Anderson, 2011). Nevertheless, the change is better but result to less profit of $53,653 since there is no escalation within the pricing but resulting to increase burden thus increasing the cost. In order to attain maximum profits the produce will be 1,100 units of the W0075C, 250 units of W0033C and 600 units of W0007X. Company ought to reject the orders of producing 1,510 units of the W0005X. Moreover, it will be better for the company not to escalate the underlying number within the drawing department for it to maintain low cost (Anderson, 2011). The model utilized to solve the prevailing problem suffers from the limitation that there are numerous optimal outcomes and a diverse answer might be attained depending on the underlying sequence in which the constraints are normally answered (Anderson, 2013). Yes, alteration by 40% to a relatively higher value would significantly reduce the costs. This can be depicted by the sensitivity analysis that is changing to 60 makes the cost to be $2,485.83 whilst changing to 80% makes the cost to be $2,382.08. Therefore, as the

Government intervention in the market for various agricultural Essay

Government intervention in the market for various agricultural products - Essay Example This situation may especially prevail when foreign agricultural products are allowed indiscriminately into the market (Dommen, & Mabbs-Zeno,  1989, 98). The government is therefore sometimes forced to maintain a tough balancing act between a free market economy and intervention when the need arises in this particular market to prevent the adverse extremities from occurring (Rothbard, 2008). This paper discusses the circumstances under which such a government intervention can take place with particular reference to the case of the United States of America. Factors Resulting in Government Intervention in the United States The United States government has for long been involved in attempts to enhance profitability in farms through deliberate policies and programs. This is usually done through measures such as regulation, protection of trade, promotion of products and price control and support of income. The government controls the types of food produced, the volume in which they are p roduced, the volume exported and those imported. ... Interestingly, this money came from taxes imposed on the same agricultural sector. The jury is still out on whether the attempt to create jobs is really succeeding considering that the same money taken from farmers in the form of taxes could be used by the same farmers to create jobs. This argument has however not deterred the government from bulldozing on with this policy (Robbins, 1976,  144). The problem with taxation is that it pushes prices of commodities up thus eroding the buying power of the consumer. However, this has to be counter-balanced with the reality that poor quality products that do not adhere to health standards also push up medical bills for the same consumers who complain if prices of commodities go up. The government prefers higher health standards rather than very low food prices (Dommen, & Mabbs-Zeno,  1989, 98). The dynamics of government taxation and the prices of commodities are best expressed in figure 1 below. Figure 1 Change of Equilibrium Due to Tax s tax s 1 P r i p tax c p 1 e (p) D q tax q 1 Quantity (q) In the figure above, the old price [p1] increases due to tax [p tax] while to old quantity [q1] decreases to a smaller amount [q tax]. As a result of these changes, the old supply curve [s1] shifts vertically to the new one [s tax]. Note that the difference between p1 and p tax. This difference is equal to the amount of tax levied which the sellers pass on directly to the consumers (Plott, 1982, 1485). The consumers are therefore left with the option of buying the old quantity at a higher price or a smaller quantity at the old price. The net effect of this taxation is that less of the particular product is sold than before since in many cases the buyers will opt

Founding Fathers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Founding Fathers - Essay Example These visionaries drafted a document that served as an inspiration for democracies worldwide. The founders were keen in ensuring that the government that would take over would be defined by liberties of individuals and the quest of happiness for its citizens who will be accommodated by the government and its systems (Mason and Rauchut, 2008). This is to say that the founders intended to form a government, whose sole purpose was to ensure freedom and prosperity of its citizens. They understood that power came with consequence and that it could be corrupted limiting the liberty envisioned, as is evident in the governments nowadays. This can be traced back to the founding fathers hypothesis that there is a correlation between personal liberties and expansion in the federal government that is negative. Though this growth was viewed suspiciously by the founding fathers, it was inevitable since the society is dynamic necessitating governance changes and growth. Even though it may have a de trimental effect on liberty, growth of the federal government since the time of the founding has been necessitated because conditions today demand that government grow to meet our needs, since governance needs change over time. The idea of government is based on the principle of servitude, in that it is created to serve the people.

Paranormal Activity 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Paranormal Activity 3 - Essay Example I think that he is not married to Julie because he is two young and he does not belief that marriage itself can reinforce the relationship between the people. He might see proof of that on his work. Toby is the main antagonist of the movie, so to speak. To begin with one should point out that it is a ghost – this is what defines his nature. In addition to that, it manifests itself is a poltergeist which means that it is responsible for creating disturbances in the house of the main characters. Keeping in mind some cruel actions that were done by him, one might conclude that he is also a demon. The reason why it plays trick on people is because it haunts them in order to scare (Montell 140). There is one point when it scratches Randi, a friend of Dennis, and this wound is clearly supernatural as it can not be explained logically. The movie does not say a lot about biological father of the girls; however, I think that he does not call them because his wife and their grandmother killed him. Speaking of the latter, her name is Lois. She wants her daughter Julie to have a son since that is the part of the system of beliefs of the witch coven that she is a part of (Ehrenreich and English 44). At the end of the movie, one might see that Grandma Lois allows Toby to kill her daughter and marry her granddaughter – that is who devoted to the coven she is. Considering the reasons why Toby stalks the babysitter, one might point out that it saw her as an obstacle that could damage its plans, so it was ready to scare her away. The reason why it put on the sheet is largely focused on the fact that prior to that scene, the babysitter put on the sheet too, pretending to be a ghost, so Toby was kind of ironic. There is no particular explanation why it appears to be roughly three feet in height, though Kristi, the only person who

Big data technology optimizes and stores the user generated data in Essay

Big data technology optimizes and stores the user generated data in exabytes using the distributed backup mechanism which significantly increases the performance and storage space in the software industry - Essay Example In recognition of the magnitude of the problems involved in the management of big data, many companies are investing considerable amounts of money in researching better methods of big data management. These companies seek reliable ways of organizing, storing and managing their machine, user and application data, which is rapidly growing in size to exabytes and petabytes. The volumes of big data are considerably large, such that many organizations find it difficult to process, store and access the data they need using the traditional databases and systems of storage (BVT, n.d.). Further complexity comes about in the now common scenario, where companies dispatch teams to different places around the world, yet the nature of their work requires them to collaborate on the same data since they are involved in the same project. This highlights the need for data solutions that allow these companies to change, add, check in content and modify them without creating problems for other employees within the organization (Kumar, 2012). Conventional systems of storage typically require revision of the systems or tech refreshes every three years (sometimes four) so that the company can keep up with new requirements and growth. This, in many instances, requires expensive and disruptive data migrations, replacement of void storage capacity and regular upgrades of software licenses (Leavitt, 2013). This paper looks into how companies use big data technology to store data generated by users in exabytes by making use of the distributed backup method. The distributed backup method of storage provides companies with the opportunity to store more data in a scalable way across storage node networks. It is imperative to note that the main purpose of backing up data is so that an organization can have at least a copy of what may the company may consider as important. In the event that there is a failure in the storage systems within an organization,

Find a strong argument ( strong thesis statement) to the essay compare

Find a strong argument ( strong thesis statement) to the compare and contrast 4 readings - Essay Example He tends to disagree with him during his life but once when he experiences that all his sayings were true, he realizes how similar he is to him. The best way to describe the relation with his father is â€Å"We had got on badly, partly because we shared, in our different fashions, the vice of stubborn pride.† (Armstrong 138) Initially, when Baldwin was in place where blacks and whites shared understanding and mutually cooperated, he thought that his father's perception of the whites was wrong. When he shifted to a place where blacks were merely treated like slaves, he found all his father's teachings true and precise. Anger, disturbance and vulnerability developed in him and it eventually seemed like he was a 'replica' of his father. As by the end of the essay, he possessed the same qualities, beliefs and virtues merely to become his father's duplicate. Whereas in the second essay "The Dungeon Shook", the same spirit of freedom, anger, disturbance prevail but by now, the write r has realized the worth of family values, therefore, advices his nephew. Baldwin believes that the Black Americans have been deprived of certain valuable things and cannot obtain their share of the American dream. He guided him and his purpose was to evoke the spirit of anger and pain amongst his nation and, therefore, by instilling his wisdom in his nephew, he wanted to enlighten him about the cruelty that persists in the society they dwelled in. He wanted his nephew to know that they should not trust the whites and try their best on individual and collective levels to succeed. He believed that if one respects his native belonging, then only can succeed; by following the whites, there is merely no success. He said, "We cannot be free until they are free." (McBride 91) This describes how he believes independence and sovereignty are essential. Thus, Baldwin wrote to empower his nation and bring about the spirit of a nation among his people. Henry David Thoreau was a writer similar t o James Baldwin who also wrote to empower his people and bring about a change by the power of his writings and works. The work of Thoreau deals with the social evils and, like James Baldwin, he incorporated issues of slavery and other evils of the society. His work â€Å"Civil Obedience† is a book in which he describes the saddening state of the American society after the Mexican war, slavery and policies of the time. The concept of democracy has been highlighted in bold in the novel, as well as the ways people suffer when the laws that are formed in order to protect, suffocate them instead. He teaches that the people should know their rights, voice against the unjust prevailing, one should not participate in the evils but it is not his duty to eliminate them and that the US government favors slavery and war and, hence, is an unjust system. He believes that change can be brought through voting but there are slight chances for a change as man tends to get aggressive and unjust when seeks power. â€Å"This is the only mode in which a man situated as I am necessarily meets it; and it then says distantly, recognizes me" (Thoreau, 68). Therefore, in a place where justice doesn't prevail, a distorted society like this develops. On the contrary, "Slavery in Massachusetts" is based on the topic of slavery and how society targeted the free black Americans during that time. This book focuses on the

Should racial profiling be accepted as a law enforcement practice Essay

Should racial profiling be accepted as a law enforcement practice - Essay Example living amongst Americans. It is unfortunate, then, that the country who welcomed these people of different races to live in its soil is now thinking of implementing a program that would be put these invited guests at risk. Racial profiling can be synonymous to racial discrimination and should not be practiced because it puts innocent people at risk, promotes prejudice among police officers and in some way violates an individual’s freedom of expression. Racial profiling as the term connotes is when individuals, usually those tasked to protect the public, commit an act in the performance of this duty based on stereotypes of race, colour, ethnicity, ancestry, religion, or place of origin because of reasonable suspicion. â€Å"250† as it is called in the New York Police Department authorizes police personnel to stop, question and pat down individuals who appear reasonably suspicious. (Weir and Capote) It has supposedly decreased the crime rate in the city. After the 9/11att acks on the World Trade Center, many people have showed support for the measure. Others are in fear of it and incidents have shown exactly why opposition exists. The appearance of a person is not a determinant of the race of such person. As such one of the requirements of racial profiling will already lead to many errors that can traumatize innocent citizens. In the aftermath of the Boston Marathon bombing, many dark-skinned men feared arrest. There were several dark-skinned individuals who became persons of interest for the police. (Izadi) Sunil Tripathi, a university student who was found dead was also suspected for the bombing. (Schroeder) As it turned out the actual bombers were Caucasian who appeared to be tied up with Islamic fundamentalists. (Izadi) Kasim Walters who is 17 and living in Brooklyn has been stopped seven times by the NYPD and has described his experience as very scary. (Weir and Capote) These individuals were judged because of how they looked. These acts showed that just being a person of color makes an innocent person a suspect. This should not be so. Race or beliefs cannot be known just by looking at a person. The second requirement of racial profiling is that the person is reasonably suspicious. What is reasonably suspicious? Sunil Tripathi’s photo was flashed on television after a post on Reddit claimed he was the Boston bomber. (Daily) Immediately, police and concerned citizens were looking for Tripathi. Later on, when the real culprits were apprehended and Tripathi’s body was found, apologies flooded media. The damage has been done, however. The young man’s reputation was already tarnished, the mystery surrounding his death aggravating the issue of mistaken identity. Racial profiling seems to say that when there are tribal tags on a person’s car (Amnesty) or one’s clothing is similar to those worn by individuals wanted by authorities it is (Goldstein) legal for police to stop the person to conduct a search. This is both inconvenient and humiliating. Finally, racial profiling should not be practiced because it gives rise to bias among law enforcement people and harmful behavior. Indeed police officers should be commended by putting their lives on the line to protect society. Nevertheless, it is not a secret that they can be violent or prejudiced at times. Reality TV programs such as COPS and America’s Most Wanted have given audience a glimpse on how the authorities handle the

Ancient Egypt Essay Example for Free

Ancient Egypt Essay When one thinks of â€Å"mummification,† what would immediately come into mind is Ancient Egypt. But according to archaeologists, they discovered that this process is also being practiced in other places such as China and even in the among the tribes in Alaska though they are not identical to that of the Egyptians whose method is more commonly known (Monet). Compared to the other methods which appear to be very simple in terms of process or procedures such as simply putting the corpse in cold or airtight places, the Egyptian method is considered the most elaborate which is still shrouded and mystery as to how the process is exactly conducted. The only way to get an idea on how it was done is to examine the remains for pathological purposes as well as a smattering of surviving texts that have been found (Monet; David 383-384). Egyptian mumification is a two-step process that entailed embalming which made use of chemicals to preserve the remains for a longer duration of time. The second process is wrapping the corpse with layers of linen bandages for the purpose of maintaining its shape through the passage of time (Monet; David 385). Archaeologists are amazed on how â€Å"sophisticated† Egyptians were in developing the technology to make a body â€Å"live forever† and had exceeded their expectations. If there is a reasonable conclusion to this topic, the Egyptians made a significant contribution to modern civilization with this process. While it may be impractical for people to preserve the remains of the decased in this day and age, the practice still has benefits in terms of slowing decomposition and no attempt is made to duplicate the exact methods used. Works Cited David, A. Rosalie, Mummification. Nicholson, Paul T. , and Ian Shaw, eds. Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Monet, Jefferson. An Overview of Mummification in Ancient Egypt. 1996. Tour Egypt. Net. 21 Aug. 2010 http://www. touregypt. net/featurestories/mummification. htm.

The Financial Markets: Direct And Indirect Transfers

The Financial Markets: Direct And Indirect Transfers In economics, a financial market refers to a media that allows people to buy, sell, create and exchange financial securities such as share and bonds, commodities such as basic agricultural goods and precious metals, and other fungible items of value at low transaction costs and at prices that reflect the efficient-market. Both general markets where many commodities are traded and specialized markets where only one commodity is traded exist in financial market. Markets work by placing many interested buyers and sellers in one media, thus making it easier for them to find each other. The financial markets can be divided into different types such as capital markets commodity markets, money markets, insurance market and foreign exchange market. A saver refers to the one who deposit their money in bank, invest in company share and pays premium to an insurance company with objective to earn interest, dividend and profit. They aim also to accumulate their fund for future investment and expenses. However, a borrower just the reverse to saver. A borrower borrowed the money from saver by financial market to fulfill their need and need to effort the interest charge or give the dividend to saver. In a well-functioning economy, capital will flow efficiency from saver to borrower. The transfer of fund can make by three different ways such as direct transfer, indirect transfer through investment bankers and indirect transfer through financial intermediary. 2.0 Body 2.1 Direct transfer The first way is through direct transfer. It refers to a transfer of assets from one type of tax-deferred retirement plan or account to borrower. Direct transfers are not considered to be distributions and not taxable as income or subject to any penalties for early distribution. Most transfers take several days to complete, although this process is now generally faster in the electronic than in the past. Direct rollovers from qualified plans are a form of direct transfer. It occurs when firms direct sell their stock or bond to saver without going through any financial institution The advantages of direct transfer are direct transfers convenience and simple to trade between borrower and saver. The reason is when both borrower and saver agree with the term and condition, the transaction will be in process. Besides, it will be save time and cost. The reason is the transaction can complete online, just taking few days to complete and there is no high commission to pay for intermediate. Even though it is a lot of advantages using this method, there also bring some disadvantages to both parties. The savers will face lack of professional consultation from expertise. This will lead to the saver making wrong investment, facing loss the money and cheat by the business. Beside, the business will also facing less efficiency when direct transfer the securities. The reason is there is no expertise to help them promote the securities and it may not planning well when issuance of securities. 2.2 Indirect transfer through investment bankers The second way is indirect transfer through investment bankers. Investment bank refers to a financial institution that helps individuals and corporations to raising their capital by underwriting. They also act as the clients agent when issuance of securities such as stock and bond. An investment bank may also help organization involved in mergers and acquisitions and provides ancillary services. In investment banking there are two main which are trading securities for cash or other securities and promotion of the securities. In this way, the investment banker assumes the risk of selling a new security issue at a satisfactory price. This is called underwriting. An underwrite serve as a middleman and facilitates the issuance of securities. The companys securities and savers money will pass through the investment banking house. The investment banker will buy the entire issue of securities from the company that needs of financial capital. Then investment bank will turn sells these same securities to savers at a higher price. However, the investment bank taking the risk when they buy and hold the companys a security for certain time and it may not resell to savers for as much as they paid after a period of time. The reason is new securities are involved and company receives the proceed of the sale, this is called a primary market transaction. Besides, the investment banker also advises firms on the details of selling securities. The advantages for this method are the business will get professional suggestion from expertise about the details of selling securities. The business can raise the capital more efficient, the reason is the investment banker will buy over the securities and hold to sell for savers. This will help to business dispense with the pending time to wait saver transfer the money. The disadvantages for this method are the business may face depress in price of securities. The reason is when the business need capital emergency, the investment banker will depress the price of securities in order to make more money. The savers may also face receive inaccuracy information from investment banker. The reason is the investment banker wants to resell the hold securities, they may give inaccuracy information to the saver. 2.3 Indirect transfer through financial intermediary The third way is indirect transfer through financial intermediary. Financial intermediary consists of channeling funds between surplus and deficit agents. A financial intermediary is a financial institution that connects surplus and deficit agents. The classic example of a financial intermediary is a bank that transforms bank deposits into bank loans. Insurance companies, credit unions, pension fund and mutual funds also include as financial intermediary. Insurance defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for payment. Credit union is a cooperative financial institution that is owned and controlled by its members and operated for the purpose of promoting thrift, providing credit at reasonable rates, and providing other financial services to its members. Pension fund is any plan, fund, or scheme which provides retirement income. Mutual fund is a professionally-managed type of collective investment scheme that pools money from many investors to buy securities Through the process of financial intermediation, certain assets or liabilities are transformed into different assets or liabilities. As such, financial intermediaries channel funds from savers to those borrowers. As example, saver will save the surplus money in bank and get the deposit certificate, the bank will use the money to borrow to borrower by term of mortgage. Financial intermediaries provide important advantages to savers. Lending through an intermediary is usually less risky than lending directly. The major reason for reduced risk is that a financial intermediary can diversify. Financial intermediary will give many loans to different borrower. When mistake happen, the financial intermediary can cover by others loan interest. But if savers borrow direct to business, the risk will face by individual. Another reason is financial intermediary specialize in lending and better predict which of the people able to repay compare to individual savers. Second advantage financial intermediaries give savers is liquidity. Liquidity is the ability to convert assets into form money quickly. A house is an illiquid asset; selling one can take a great deal of time. If an individual saver has lent money directly to another person, the loan can also be an illiquid asset. Third advantage financial intermediaries give savers is cost advantage. Using financial intermediaries can reduce the costs of borrowing. The reason is there are a lot of borrowings complete in financial intermediaries, it can lead to economic of scale and save cost for savers. 3.0 Conclusion

Marketing Strategy Of Newspaper Education Essay

Marketing Strategy Of Newspaper Education Essay Marketing environment of today is not only competitive but equally volatile. Therefore the organizations have to put in everything into it not only to survive but to gain competitive edge. The advent of globalization has placed every premium on organization to shift their focus from competitive advantage to sustainable competitive advantage. It thus becomes important for organization to devise strategy on how to survive. Strategy is a long term plan of action designed to achieve a particular goal such as competitive advantage. It reflects the values, expectation, and goal of the organization. To achieve marketing objective of profitable satisfaction customers need, for an organization in high-growth moderately competitive market along with economic growth, a well-developed marketing strategy is required. Such strategy considers portfolio of product and takes into account the anticipated moves of competitors in the market. Marketing strategy Marketing strategy is process of organization to concentrate it limited resources on the greatest opportunities to increase sales and achieve a sustainable competitive advantage with the ultimate goal of customer satisfaction. It is a method of focusing an organizations energies and resources on a course of action which leads to increase sales and target market. Marketing strategy is a wide term which combines product development, promotion, distribution, pricing relation dominance. Marketing strategy is a written plan which combines product development, promotion, distribution and pricing approach that will be achieved within a stated time frame. It determines the choice of the target market segment, positioning, marketing mix and allocation of resources. Marketing strategy is a process of selecting and analyzing a target market and creating as well as maintaining an appropriate marketing mix that will satisfy the target market. It is a long term plan to achieve certain objective. A marketing strategy is therefore a marketing plan to achieve marketing objective. It is detailed planning involving marketing research and then developing marketing mix to delight the customers. Developing strategy involves establishing clear aim objectives around which the framework for policy is created. Having established its strategy, an organization can then work out its day-to-day tools and tactics to meet the objectives. Marketing thus can be seen as the process of developing implementing a strategy to plan co-ordinate ways of identifying, anticipating satisfying customers demand in such a way as to make profit. It is the strategic planning process that lies at the heart of marketing. It helps in integrating an organizations marketing goals, policies and action plan into a cohesive whole. THE TIMES newspaper Position: The Times is a Uks leading news paper covering national news. For much of its history it has been regarded as Britains newspaper of the record is preserved in the British library. The Times began publication in 1785. At that time it was called as Daily universal Registered. Published in broadsheet for over 200 years, the newspaper switched to the tabloid format in 2004 in an effort to better serve the younger reader and to appeal to commuter using public transport. This newspaper is owed by News Corporation; originally an Australian company reincorporated in the US in 2004 and moved its headquarters from Adelaide to New York city. The Time is the original times newspaper, leading its name to many newspaper around the world, which include The Newyork Times, The Times Of India, The Times Of Malta, The Irish Times. The newspaper covers the price in UK is 90ps on weekday and 1.50p on Saturday 2pounds on Sunday which termed as The Sunday Times. History of the news paper: The Times was founded by John Walter on 1stJanuary 1785 as The Daily universal Registered, with Walter in the role of editor. Walter change the title after 940neditions on 1stjanuary 1788 to The Times. In 1803 John Walter handed over the ownership and editorship to his son of the same name John Walter sr. since then the ownership and editorship passed on to many. The Astor family sold The Times to the Canadian media entrepreneur Roy Thomson in 1966. Thomson merged The Times with Sunday times to Times newspaper limited, a subsidiary of news international. News International is entirely owned by the News Corporation group, headed by Rupert Mrdoch on 3rdmay, 1966, The Times began printing news stories on the front page on the paper. The front page had previously been dedicated to advertisement and paid announcement, which had contributed significantly towards the cost of producing the newspaper. The times were closed down from 1stdecember 1978 to 12thNovember, 1979, due to industrial dispute between the Thomson Corporation and print Unions. No times newspaper was printed during this period. Since then the newspaper is printed from Monday to Saturday in compact tabloid formats as of December 2008, it has an average daily circulation of 6,00,962 copies. Long considered the UK newspaper of the record, The Times generally seen as a serious publication with high standard of journalism. The British Business Survey 2005 named The Times as the UKs leading daily newspaper for business newspaper. Importance of strategy in marketing newspaper. Newspaper is unique business and in that competition is the minute-by-minute battle. News is something you dont already know. With net able to supply the information almost instantly, newspaper has little choice but to put everything they publish everyday up on the internet in the hope to keeping people on their site and returning to their site the next day. Strategies for marketing the newspaper have evolved over the years as the concept of cost per unit of circulation, with its inherent incorporation of cost per order and retention, has taken hold. More recently, acceptance of tiered subscription pricing strategies and the valuation of subscribers based upon advertising revenue have added another level of complexity and opportunity. The Times as a newspaper has adopted various marketing strategies to be in competition and to satisfy its reader and also to attract the new reads. Some of the various strategies adopted by The Times. The marketing strategy of the Time as leader in the market was significant in the year 2003 led the times to revolutionize the newspaper industry by lunching the compact version of paper. The strategy of redesigning the paper from broadsheet to compact version was born out of the recognisation that with long working hours, extensive commuting habit many media source there was a need for quality news in a convenient size. Initially the compact version of paper was launch in London with TV postal campaign targeting the busy professionals on move. The campaign idea was rooted in consumers truth, the commuter experience of trying to read broadsheet on train in rush hours. The campaign stressed the benefit of the new compact by illustrating how inconvenient the broadsheet can be. The Time was the forefront of the compact version movement and this vision was rewarded by a significant growth in circulation readership. The Times has enjoyed a substantial circulation increase since the launch, with sales growth in an otherwise declining market. All communication was united by the campaign endline,Its not big but it is clever. The Times adopted the strategy of introducing new innovative ideas for increasing its readership. The Times was the first to launch sport handbook, now produces eight each year covering football, rugby, formulaone,golf,tennis athletic . The main aim of this move was to attract people with high interest in sports (sport fans). Over last 2years The Times commitment to sport has developed significantly with an all star line-up writer from across the sporting spectram. Times also sponsor various activity which includes Sky Business news and The Times bfi London Film Festival for which the newspaper is the lead sponsor. The Times also has a strong portfolio of dedicated sections throughout the week. Screen on Thursdays, a stand-alone film section, which carries the latest film reviews, industry news and gossip. On Friday, Bricks and Mortar presents the latest facts, figures and fantasies from the world of property. Also new in 2003 was the relaunched Saturday Times which included four new sections. The Knowledge, a weekly insiders guide to life in London, The Eye, a guide to whats on the big and small screens, Weekend Review, the intelligent read for high and low brow culture, and Body Soul, a supplement dedicated to health and well-being. Body Soul is the only section of its kind in the UK newspaper market. Promotion strategy of TheTimes The Times promotional strategy is to work closely with branding activity to reinforce the values of the product. As the brand campaign continues to focus on re-appraisal through key editorial areas such as sport, entertainment and health and well-being so too will the promotions. The Times promotional activity has traditionally been communicated through combination of TV and Radio advertisement which ensure targeting specific audience. A second element to The Times promotional strategy is developing and fostering alliance with appropriate partners. For promoting their newspaper The Times for the first time in 17 years replaces its current tagline for The Sunday times as Sunday paper will launch to coincide with papers full color redesign. It will be supported by 3million TV, press outdoor ad campaign. This is mainly done to focus on the diversity of Newspapers audience. According to director of the paper, this marketing strategy will help the newspaper to build customer loyalty rather than encourage one-off sales. According to companys marketing sales director vanneck, the main basing marketing for Sunday times on the reason that people will buy it week-in week-out .they will sail the newspaper on the brand, content, the sub-brand. This will help the paper to build the brand loyalty. Pricing strategy: In the era when free newspaper are booming, paid -for newspaper are reconsidering their pricing strategy. Pricing is a key strategic tool in the battle for increased circulation. Different strategies are adopted by the newspapers to increase readerships loyalty and profitability. Over the period of years the times followed the various pricing strategy to compete with its rivals such as the guardian, the independent, the telegraph and many more. In early 90s the times as a market leader in the industry followed a predatory strategy. It reduced its price, the managers were of the opinion that this will help in increasing demand elasticity over a period of time and it would eventually rise sufficiently to componsatefor the price cut. This price cut strategy helped the times it increase its market share among other newspapers. In June 1994 the telegraph reacted to the growing share of market for the times by cutting its price and the independent followed. The Times soon responded to this by cutting its price further, although price settled down at slightly higher level soon after. By July 1998, the times price was 35p while that of Guardian ,the telegraph and the independent were 45p.THE TIMES sales was almost double than that of its competitors. This relative position stayed more or less unchanged for next five years. By 2002 there was slight decline in overall market for UK broadsheet. The sales of the times were running jus t over 7, 00,000daily. The decline in the newspaper ,market was mainly because of growth of internet and 24 hours TV news channels. The nature of competition changed, as a result the price competition took back seat and the times, raised its price to 60p in 2005. Along with this it introduced a new format for their paper, this increased the sale to about 6, 60,000 per day. In 2007 the time further increased its price by 5p and was priced at 65p without having any effect to its daily sales figure. The aggressive pricing strategy adopted by the times has a long lasting effect on sale pattern of UKs newspaper industry. Distribution channels: Newspaper have a unique characteristics in that they are delivered to approximately 54,000 retail outlet worldwide every day, the content changes substantially from day-to-day and the demand for them will expire by lunch time on the day of the sale. Although some other product s might share one or two of these characteristics their combination in newspaper means that the process of getting this product from supplier to consumer is substantially different from other in the industry. As a result newspaper have a distribution system that is dedicated to that one product. Unlike supply channel for many product, which are retails driven, the supply chain for newspaper is publishers led. Publishers appear a strong degree of influence over pricing volume nature of services Newspaper publisher print their newspaper by using print centers which are owned by the publisher directly or other provide printing services to publisher on agency basis. This newspaper prints are than supplied to wholesalers from there to retailers and finally to the consumers. In addition to delivery by wholesalers, some newspaper are supplied directly to consumer through subscription. The Times to reach to its customers directly, comes up with various subscription issues such as UK paper subscription, US paper subscription, E-paper subscription, overseas subscription, Times Archives etc. It also offer various discounts and offer on various subscription. Sometimes it gives gift vouchers along with subscription to attract the readers. Not only this the times also offers complimentary membership to culture+, an art and entertainment program exclusive to subscriber of times and Sunday times. Some of the highs of this subscription includes free admission to hundred of galleries, museums and historical houses priority booking for the most of the talked about plays and shows exclusive offers from sky etc It also offers various discounts to students for their subscription. SWOT ANALYSIS OF THE TIMES; SWOT stands for strength, weakness, opportunity, and threats, and it is one of the important tool to highlight the business present situation and where it could be in future. It is a strategic planning which specify the main objective of business and identifies the external and internal factors that are favorable and unfavorable for achieving the goal and objective of particular business. It mainly focuses on Strength: attributes of business those are helpful in achieving the objectives. Weakness: attributes of business those are harmful in achieving the objectives. Opportunities: external conditions those are helpful in achieving the objectives. Threats: external conditions those are harmful in achieving the objectives. Strength: strength of the business are positive element. It gives business edge over the competitor. The main strength of the times as newspaper are Being a market leader, it has a key to their success as it boosts reputation in the market. Its marketing strategy has proved to be effective. The Times has an extensive customer base which is major strength regarding sales and profits. The Times has competitively high percentage of market share among other newspapers. Weakness: weakness of a business is something which is needed to be improved as it may have negative impact on the business. Reputation is important for the times as market leader. So it is important for it to come up with new product and services from time-to-time to be in the competition. Charging for their content on internet may have negative effect on their business. Opportunity: These are external factors, changes, trends, or needs that could help the business to evolve and grow. For the time there are ample of opportunities available such as Capturing new market by offering new product such as overseas subscription, sports handbook etc can help the times to increase its readership. It can expand its online presence by improving and providing wide range of services through their websites. Forming strategic alliance could help the times to raise its circulation and increase its readership. Expanding product line can also help the time to capture major market share among its competitors. Threats: These are external factors which may restrict, damage, or put the business at risk. These are factors which are outside companys control and may prove harmful for growth. The possible threats that can affect the times newspaper are Price war between the competitors may unsteady the pricing strategy of the times Raising operation costs could be the major downfall for the times as it affects the overall profits of the business. Many free journal available can affect the readership of the paper at large E-business strategy of newspaper industry; Once the strong print business sector, newspapers are now struggling with declining circulation, shrinking classified advertisement and proliferation of competition. But despite of significant challenges, the industry also finds itself at a crossroad that presents significant opportunity for this business to evolve and grow. In past few years a number of interesting trends emerged, one of the most significant being digital media publishing and online monetization. Internet effect on newspaper is uninterested, how to accommodate the digital age remains one of the industrys key dilemmas. Now the industry is changing the marketing strategy and the emergences of digital media from wireless device to e-reader to social network, almost all newspaper have their own website. Both TV internet bring news to consumer faster n in more visual style than newspaper. This competing medium also offers opportunity to use moving image and sounds. This print business sector recognizes the opportunity of going global and continues to invest in growth by taking the advantage of digital media. News is something you dont already know but with net able to supply this information almost instantly, newspapers have little choice but to put everything they publish everyday up on internet in the hope of keeping people on their site and returning to their site next day. Popularity of newspaper website depends up on the content of the site. Normally the content of the website is splinted in to six areas which includes The news stories After week though- this are archive stories Columnists opinion pieces E-mail services giving people a concise rundown of stories that are likely to interest them direct to their inboxes Digital facsimile of printed Newspaper Finally there are add-ons crosswords, competition games the likes. E-business strategies of the times; The times group has used a variety of online strategies to increase their online readers. In September 2008 they commissioned to build a James Bond themed Microsoft entitled Be a bond baddie The main aim of the move was to promote Times online coverage of James Bond on their website give added value to PR of the time raise awareness for Times online readership generate large amount of traffic repeats visitors. Times online were thrilled with the result interim of traffic uptake application. Not only this Times online entered into editorial initiative aimed at improving spellings for school Childers around UK. This program was launched as their educational initiative with the aim of attracting peer group. The main objective behind this program was to uplift the Times circulation, to contribute to establishing The Times as a market leader in education. the result was successful as number of registration exceeded expectation site continues to experience the high volume of traffic with over 50,000nviews since launch. Times Online, the website of the Times Sunday times has launched a global internet edition. Most overseas visitors to the website are directed to new paper as a default view which rebalanced away from domestic content will feature more foreign news comments. UK readers are able to switch back forth between the two editions. According to times editor, Robert Thomson, going global was an important movement in the long distinguished history of paper Its primary aim is to give a traditionally less parochial front page (peter Bale, online editor of times) This strategy of going global was adopted with the intension of capturing the worlds market developing a reader loyalty. With growing competition the newspaper is coming up with different strategy to capture major market share by increasing its readership. The Times is launching an internet television services. It now has a news agency style video feed which is a starting point for broader introduction of video service. It will help in generating more content will help in becoming village seqarefor videos. It will also invite reader to send their video to the news site will add future texture by providing link on the site. This will help the reader to get more reliable information on video. Not only is this to attract the reader The Times planning to launch separate website for its Sunday edition The Sunday Times. This website will be available to reader by the end of this November. Newspaper industry very well incorporated the technological changes in their business. Having website has helped in increasing its readership significantly. But the cost of having such website is quite high. The struggle has always been how to make money by charging for content while also keeping as many as people returning to the site. And also course there is ever present back of the mind fear that the diverse online content will stop people buying newspaper. To cope with this situation, The Times, in terms of overall UK market introduced a crossword archive subscription services in 2008.Not only this they started charging for their online content. The general manager of Times paper Paul Hayes said the free ride is over day of free content have gone. The Times was first to charge for their content on net. According to The Times manager, every aspect of site need to support itself with its own revenue stream that is why they stared charging for its archives, for digital version of paper its law report. Despite of charging The Times has around 2million unique users. The main aim of the Times is to be the best newspaper in the world. The goal is to deliver accurate, intelligent engaging information to an ever large, ever more discerning audiances.The role of The Times as newspaper has evolved due to changes in information provision. Proliferation of satellite, TV channels, radio stations, the internet has helped the times to satisfy every need of its readers. Future of newspaper in 21st century; The future of newspaper has been widely debated as the industry has faced down soaring newsprint price, slumping ad sales, loss of much classified ads, drop in circulation. In recent years number of newspaper has slated for closure, bankruptcy or serves cutbacks. Revenue has plugged while competition from internet media has squeezed print publication. The debate has been more urgent, as a Deeping recession has shaved profits as once expensive growth in newspaper web revenue has leveled off forestalling what the industry hoped would become important source of revenue. The issue is whether the newspaper industry is being hit by cyclical trough, or whether new technology has reduced obsolete newspaper in their traditional formats. Facing these challenges, newspaper are considering combining to survive. Newspaper industry has always been cyclical the industry has weathered previous troughs. But with television arrival explosion of internet the first decade of 21stcentury increased the panoply of media choice available to reader while further cutting into newspapers begancy as source if news. Both TV internet bring news to the consumer faster in a more visual style than newspapers. This competing medium also offers opportunity to use moving image sound. Technological revolution has meant that reader accustomed to waiting for daily newspaper can now receive up-to-the -minute update from web portals. This new revenue stream, newspapers website, often takes away fraction of sum generated by the previous ads circulation driven revenue stream so newspaper have been forced to curtail their overhead while simultaneously trying to entice news users. Expanding reach of broadband internet access, many newspapers have faced several problems such as falling ad revenue plugging circulation. Ultimately the newspaper of future may bear little resemblance to newsprint edition familiar to older reader. It may become a by bird, part print part internet or perhaps eventually go fully digital. However the transition from print page to whatever comes next will likely be fought with challenges, both for newspaper and for its customers. The paper in newspaper may go away but the news will still remain. The paper is dynamic, but its just a device. Replacing it with pixel is better experience.(according to bill Keller, executive editor of Newyork times) Many more changes may happen in the worlds fast growing Newspapers market. The world is becoming more digital but the technology has helped newspapers as much as the internet. Making technological changes work for them or instead of them, will decide whether newspaper remain vital or road kill on the information superhighway. Newspaper had justified their existence with energy, creativity integrity. Thus, as of now it can be concluded that newspaper has remained open has welcomed technological changes. It has changed in every scene be it appearance, or marketing or using web according to time advent of technology to serve its objective of providing information keeping in mind the interest of customers.

The Entertainment Value of a Buffy the Vampire Episode :: Buffy Vampire Slayer Essays

In this essay I ultimately want to address the musical episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer, "Once More with Feeling" (season 6, episode 7). However, I do not want to look at this episode in isolation from the remainder of the Buffy franchise but rather argue that it exemplifies a certain entertainment strategy that courses through the Buffyverse. Now it seems to me that entertainment is either too often denigrated as a specific ideological formation that produces negative effects of audience passivity as against more overtly challenging texts, or, alternatively, entertainment is celebrated within a postmodern theoretical framework that views the multiplicity of pleasures afforded as inherently productive and even oppositional. Alternatively I want to concentrate on entertainment for entertainment's sake which is to say as a dialectical operation that in Fredric Jameson's terms intermingles wish fulfilment and repression by arousing radical fantasies in order to contain them (Jameson, 1990: 25). In order to analyse this mechanism I will concentrate less on consumers and ideology (that assumes unilateral transmission) and more on fans and affect (that inscribes a dialectical procedure into reception). What seems to me to be of specific interest therefore is the manner in which Joss Whedon, Marti Noxon and the other writers/directors working on Buffy for Twentieth Century Fox target affect and fans by constructing scenarios that feed into and exceed audience expectation. I will argue that his formula culminates in the episode "Once More With Feeling" that ventures beyond Jameson's dialectical formula in that it appears to wilfully play with wish fulfilment/invocation that both figuratively and literally run the risk of arousing utopian fantasies that cannot be contained. Before turning to the musical episode in particular I believe our exposition would benefit from a brief survey of critical approaches to the Buffyverse. The critical material on Buffy the Vampire Slayer, in print at least (see here the Slayage online journal), is expanding but currently somewhat limited. However, as a general rule two tendencies emerge. The first is to treat some self-contained aspect of "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" as an ideological work. Such analyses concentrate upon the encoded more or less implicitly pre-determined messages that the text transmits. Certainly some ideological responses are definitely triggered by Buffy and I will briefly make reference to two critical examples. Brian Wall and Michael Zyrd adopt a Marxist master frame of analysis to determine the world historical content of Buffy.

Korea Two Pieces of a Puzzle :: essays papers

Korea Two Pieces of a Puzzle Korea is a nation that is rich with culture and corruption. Korea has been a unified nation for over 1500 years and in that time they have been persecuted and then divided. Before all this happened the Koreans were becoming a very culturally enriched society. Around the same time as the fall of the Roman Empire the Koreans were coming up with new ideas on architecture, art, science and even a central government. The Korean people lived in peace for 500 years under the rule of Choson (Yi) dynasty. After Japan defeated China in 1895 and then the Russians in 1905, Korea was then under complete control by the Japanese. This is when the Japanese entered the scene. When the Japanese took over they first annexed Choson in 1910 and then began their attempt to destroy the Korean culture for the next 35 years. The Korean government was taken over; every upper level government position was taken from the Koreans. The Japanese went as far as to outlaw the Korean language and even tried to b an Korean family names. Not until the end of World War II, was when the Koreans finally overcame Japans rule. At the end of World War II is when Korea became a divided country. The United States, Great Britain and the former U.S.S.R defeated nazi Germany and then went on to take out Japan. After Japan was out of the picture the U.S., U.S.S.R. and Great Britain decided that Korea should become their own nation once again. The U.S. was to accept the Japanese defeat south of the 38th parallel and the Russians were to accept the Japanese defeat north of the 38th parallel. This was the first step into dividing the Koreans as a people. All forces and all foreign military were to be evacuated from Korea; this is what was supposed to happen. What actually happened was a result of the Cold War tensions. Because of the Cold war the Russians imposed a Communist government on all Koreans north of the 38th parallel and the United States imposed a nationalist/capitalist democracy south of 38th parallel. After the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. imposed their own style of government on Korea came the formation of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korean in the north and in the south was the Republic of Korea, in 1948.

A movie Review about Do the Right Thing

The film Do the Right Thing was a story of the neighborhood of Bed-Stuy in Brooklyn, New York. In this mostly African-American neighborhood, everything seemed to be peaceful at the beginning of the hottest day of the year.The Italian-Americans that owned Sal's Famous Pizzeria opened the restaurant, Mookie, the African-American delivery boy for Sal's Famous Pizzeria, reported for work, and the rest of the neighborhood went about their daily business.Toward the middle of the day, Buggin Out, one of Mookie's friends, tried to get a boycott of Sal's pizzeria organized because there were no pictures of African-Americans on Sal's â€Å"Wall of Fame.† No one wanted to be a part of it, because they all loved Sal's Famous Pizzeria.By the time night fell and the pizzeria was about to close for the night, Buggin Out got Radio Raheem to join in the boycott. After a fight started when Sal busted Radio Raheem's boom box, the entire neighborhood got involved.When the police showed up, Mookie 's friend was arrested, and, as the police were trying to subdue Radio Raheem, they accidentally strangled him to death. The police put Radio Raheem's body in the back of the police car and left.   This act of violence made the neighborhood react violently toward Sal, who had nothing to do with how the police treated Radio Raheem.Mookie was the first to throw a trash can through a window of the pizzeria. After that, people from the neighborhood stormed the restaurant, stealing the money, breaking everything inside before finally setting the pizzeria ablaze. Sal's Famous Pizzeria was gone.The heat outside was a metaphor for the tensions that arose in the neighborhood.   As the weather got hotter, the tension mounted. As people became agitated because of the heat, they also became agitated because of the underlying racial conflicts that seemed to infiltrate the neighborhood.   When the heat rose to its hottest point, the tension boiled over, resulting in the death of Radio Rahee m and the riot at Sal's Famous Pizzeria.For example, at about the mid-point of the day, Da Mayor is confronted by a group of neighborhood teenagers.   The teenagers ask Da Mayor why he gets to be the â€Å"mayor† and that he walks up and down the block like he owns it.   They resort to calling him a fossil and a bum.   Da Mayor replies that until they know how it feels not to be able to feed their families, they do not know him, or anything at all.   From this scene, the tension got worse as the day got longer, resulting in the riot.The heat was palpable; it was an entity that slowed the characters down and each were forced to overcome it.   This entity was akin to a demon.   It interfered with each person's conscience and forced each individual to make rash decisions.In essence, the heat made the characters act out in the violent way that they did.   If it were not for the extreme heat, perhaps the decisions would have been different, and the riot could have be en avoided.Several people â€Å"do the right thing† throughout the film.   For example, Da Mayor does the right thing when he pushed the little boy out of the way of a speeding car, saving his life.Mookie does the right thing when he escorts Buggin Out out of Sal's Famous Pizzeria when he started to get belligerent. Sal does the right thing when, even though Mookie started the riot, he pays Mookie what he owes him for his work the previous night.However, in the events leading up to and during the riot, no one does the right thing.   Sal broke the boom box, which resulted in him being attacked and Mookie threw the trash can through a window of the pizzeria, which resulted in a riot. In view of the bigger picture, Sal's pizzeria still burned down, Mookie is still out of a job, and the entire neighborhood is a little worse for wear.Just because a couple of people did the right thing throughout the day does not mean that everything should be forgiven.   The tension, like th e heat, infected everyone like a sickness. People were already belligerent from the heat, and the accumulation of the day's events added fuel to the fire.The riot turned into a race war.   In the end, no one won. There was still a loss felt, for both Radio Raheem, who died at the hands of the police, and for a long-time member of the neighborhood, Sal's pizzeria.

Critical Response Essay

In the article â€Å"Pandemic or Panic† (2010) by Brian Molloy and the article â€Å"Hindsight is easy† (2010) by Erica Grove, they both discuss the way WHO response to the outbreak of H1N1 influenza and they present different perspectives on how the money was spent on and how the resource was distributed. Molloy is neutral about the WHO’s response of H1N1 influenza outbreak, while Molloy is highly skeptical. First, Molloy argues that WHO send everyone into a panic about H1N1, but it is not the threat people imaged it to be.Grove, however, states that it is necessary for the WHO and the government to take  the threat of H1N1 seriously. Next, Molloy claims that British government spend a lot of money on vaccine which makes two major pharmaceutical companies earn billions from swine flu, and there is a conflict of interest between the government and drug manufactures. He believes that this money should be spent on a right situation like helping disable instead of treating flu. Grove also believes that there is a mismanagement of the distribution of vaccine.Discussion: Molloy claims that the WHO and the government spends massive expenditure on doses of vaccine, while the death rate  for H1N1 is far low than for ordinary influenza. He criticizes the reports of H1N1 cases are exaggerated which send people into a panic about H1N1. By contrast, Grove states that the WHO did not overreact to the crisis. Rather, she feels grateful that the authorities took the threat of a pandemic seriously. She also points out that everything is always better to overprepare than to underprepare. Molloy appears to have overlooked that the powerful of virus can be. In fact, there are a couple of factors like infectivity, severity and lethality which can all affect the strength of a virus.Transmission is also a key factor to determine how the virus spread and be identified. As Molloy mentions that the death rate for H1N1 is relatively low than for ordinary pandemi c, it does not mean that H1N1 is a weak influenza. Perhaps the low death rate is due to early trace the source, infected people are well isolated from the rest of the community in order to control the spread of H1N1, or synthesis of a new vaccine by scientists in a short period of time. These could be one of the reasons of why the death rate for H1N1 is low. In this sense, Molloy fail to notice that.

Aging and Disability Worksheet Essay

Part I Identify 2 or 3 issues faced by the aging population. 1.Employment discrimination 2. Poverty 3. Inadequate care Answer the following questions in 100 to 200 words each. Provide citations for all the sources you use. †¢What is ageism? How does ageism influence the presence of diversity in society? According to Schaefer (2012), ageism is a term which refers to prejudice and discrimination against the elderly. â€Å"Ageism reflects a deep uneasiness among young and middle-aged people about growing old† (Schaefer, 2012, p. 395). Our society looks to youthfulness as successfulness; therefore, the elderly threaten those who want to be young and successful; thus influencing diversity in society. The elderly are seen as unessential, unneeded, and a constant reminder we one day will be old as well. So we shy away from associating with the elderly; so we do not have a constant reminder of our own ageing and immortality. Reference: Schaefer, R. T. (2012). Racial and ethnic groups (13th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. †¢What is the Age Discriminitation in Employment Act (ADEA)? How does the ADEA address issues for the aging population? â€Å"The federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) which went into effect in 1968, was passed to protect workers 40 years of age or older from being fired because of their age and replaced with younger workers who  presumably would receive lower salaries† (Schaefer, 2012, p. 396). The ADEA provides a resource when there are suspicions of age discrimination in the workplace when it comes to hiring or not promoting or training ageing workers. Reference: Schaefer, R. T. (2012). Racial and ethnic groups (13th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. †¢What is being done to address the issues you identified? Many companies have been taken to court and charged with violating the ADEA. â€Å"According to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, between 1999 and 2004, complaints of age discrimination rose more than 41 percent† (Schaefer, 2012, p. 396). Some studies suggest older workers are more of an asset to their employers, are absent less often and are more effective salespeople than their younger co-workers; therefore, diminishing the stereotype of the older employee is a less valuable employee. Reference: Schaefer, R. T. (2012). Racial and ethnic groups (13th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. †¢Is the number of aging population expected to rise in numbers or decrease? The aging population is expected to increase significantly will into the twenty-first century. With the decline in mortality rates and the baby boomer generation aging the â€Å"proportion over age 65 increases from less than on in 10 in 1960 to almost one in four by 2050† (Schaefer, 2012, p. 395) Reference: Schaefer, R. T. (2012). Racial and ethnic groups (13th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. †¢What types of legislation may or may not be affected by the aging population? The ADEA is one type of legislation which has affected the aging population;  ensuring they have recourse if discriminated against in the workplace. Today the Affordable Care Act will affect the aging population; however, to what extent is still uncertain at this time. Legislation which concerns pension provisions is another area which will directly affect the ageing population. Reference: Schaefer, R. T. (2012). Racial and ethnic groups (13th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. †¢How does poverty affect the aging population? â€Å"The aged who are most likely to experience poverty are the same people more likely to be poor earlier in their lives; female-headed households and racial and ethnic minorities. Although overall the aged are doing well economical, poverty remains a particularly difficult problem for the thousands of older adults who are impoverished annually by paying for long-term medical care† (Schaefer, 2012, p. 397). Will the Affordable Care Act ease the burden faced by the elderly who are impoverished by debilitating long-term diseases? Reference: Schaefer, R. T. (2012). Racial and ethnic groups (13th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall Part II Answer the following questions in 100 to 200 words each. Provide citations for all the sources you use. †¢What does the ADA provide for people with disabilities? The ADA â€Å"prohibits bias in employment, transportation, public accommodations, and telecommunications against people with disabilities† (Schaefer, 2012, p. 401). The ADA is considered the most sweeping antidiscrimination legislation since the Civil Rights Act of 1964; thus, ensuring people with disabilities are no longer discriminated against. Reference: Schaefer, R. T. (2012). Racial and ethnic groups (13th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall †¢How have people with disabilities been treated in the past? People with disabilities have been discriminated against in the past, unable to easily use public transportation, unable to easily enter public buildings, and basically treated as second class citizens. The Americans with Disabilities Act was enacted to level the playing field so to speak. Making the once inaccessible areas or participating life activities easier for them to maneuver. Reference: Schaefer, R. T. (2012). Racial and ethnic groups (13th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall †¢How has the attitude toward people with disabilities changed over time? Attitudes towards people with disabilities have changes significantly over time. Those who were once shipped off to intuitions are now productive members of society. Many groups across the United States sprang up utilizing this demographic in meaningful employment positions. In my community we have a group who work with the disabled from collecting sensitive materials for shredding, managing thrift shops, to years ago sewing the scarfs Elvis Presley used while preforming. Today the opportunities for those with disabilities have come a long way; however, the fight is not over, there is still more work to be done to ensure equality for all. Reference: Schaefer, R. T. (2012). Racial and ethnic groups (13th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall †¢What are some unique circumstances or issues encountered by people with disabilities? There are numerous circumstances or issues encountered by people with disabilities daily. The sheer task of accomplishing anything seems  insurmountable. Those with physical disabilities must depend on the help of others to simply exist let alone pursue a meaningful life. Public transportation can be difficult; sidewalks were not always wheelchair friendly, handicapped parking was non-existent which makes it extremely difficult to live. What about the being looked at as abnormal, those with disabilities must endure tremendous amounts of awkward moments daily from those who are not disabled. †¢What is being done to address those issues? The ADA has brought awareness to the plight of those with both mental and physical disabilities by ensuring there is no discrimination against this group. However I believe awareness is another step to address the prejudice and discrimination against people with disabilities. We must be able to look past a person’s disabilities to see the true person they are, and not label them for their disability. †¢What types of legislation have been introduced to address issues faced by people with disabilities? The American’s with Disabilities Act is the most notable legislation address issues faced by people with disabilities. What type of legislation will the future hold? I believe the ADA has address all the concerns for this demographic; however, in the future there may be some revisions to the interpretation of the legislation ensuring everyone with disabilities is serviced fully.

Analysis of Bullet in the Brain

The short story â€Å"Bullet in the Brain† is written by Tobias Wolff. The story takes place in a bank, where we meet the main character Anders. We see the incident from an omniscient narrator’s point of view. The short story is told in chronological order with flashback.We meet Anders in the beginning of the text as a rude and sarcastic man, who has the need to be sarcastic towards a strange woman. When Anders gets shot in the head, the first thing the narrator tells the reader is the things, which did not pass before his eyes.What we hear about here is things he has experienced in his adult life. The narrator returns to Anders real thoughts, and takes the reader back in time to his childhood. In the last part we once again return to the present moment. Anders critiques the bank robbers, as he would criticize one of the books.For example you can tell he is criticizing them, when he says: â€Å"(†¦) Great script, eh? The stern, brass-knuckled poetry of the dangero us classes† He finds these bank robbers to be predictable in their actions, and he cannot take them seriously.â€Å"Did you hear that? † Anders said. â€Å"Bright boy† Right out of â€Å"The Killers†. Tobias Wolff introduces flashbacks, when Anders gets shot in the head, to show the reader his highlights in his, now ending, life.Wolff accentuate the fact that, what Anders did not remember, is just as important and telling about his personality, as what he did remember. The narrator is introducing Anders’ flashbacks by list, what the reader would assume.

Attributional pattern amongst men and women Essay

Attribution is the process by which male and females explain causes of events and behaviors. Men and women make different explanatory attributions so that they can understand the world and also seek to reasons for certain events. With the help of explanatory attribution, men and women make judgement based on causes of a certain event or action. They make judgement even if the event turns out that the proposed cause of the event is not related to that event or behavior. People make interpersonal attributions when their actions or their motives are questioned. They are required to explain reasons for their actions. Interpersonal attribution takes place when the cause of event or action takes place between two people. In most cases, one person will want to a positive image, in the interpersonal attribution. An example is given of a sibling who breaks their mothers tea pot. The sibling will most likely blame the other siblings that the blame is shifted from himself or herself (Shaver, 20 09).Various theories have been developed to help understand attributions. Naà ¯ve psychology theory states that people analyse, observe and explain actions or behaviors with explanations. Although people have different explanations to events, their explanations are categorized into two; internal or personal and external or situational attributions (Kowner, 2008). Internal attribution is always made whenever the cause of an event or behavior is assigned to a person’s characteristics as ability, mood, effort, attitudes, personality or dispositions. On the other hand, situational attribution is made when a cause of a particular action or event is assigned to the situation in which the action or event was seen such as other people, task or luck. The two types cause different perceptions of men and women engaging in a particular behavior or event. Correspondent inference theory argues that men and women make inferences about other people when their actions are chosen freely, result in a small number of effects that are desirable and are unexpected. They make inferences by considering the context in which a particular behavior took place. This theory illustrates how men and women figure out personal characteristics of a person from behavioral evidence. They make conclusions based on expectedness of behavior, effect on one’s behavior and on the degree of choice (Kowner, 2008). Covariance model is a theory that argues that people assign behaviors to factors that are present whenever a set behavior occurs. This means that people explanations in a logical, fashion, rational and they attribute the causes of behavior or event to factor that covaries closely with that event or behavior. This theory explores three types of information that make an attribution action of a person’s behavior (Shaver, 2009). The first information is census or the information on how others in the same situation and under the same stimulus behave. The second one is distinctive information or how people react to different stimuli. The third one is consistency information. It refers to the frequency of one behavior as observed under similar stimuli but in varied conditions. Three dimension model proposes that individuals have initial affective responses to several potential consequences of extrinsic and intrinsic motives. These motives in turn influences how one behaves in the future. According to the three dimension model one’s perception leads to a positive outcome and very high expectancy of future victory such as perceptions result to a greater willingness to follow the same activities in the future. The willingness is higher than perceptions that result to negative outcomes and low expectancy of future successes. This cognitive and effective assessment affects future actions when people are confr onted with similar circumstances (Stebbins,2010). I started the research with the understanding that men and women are motivated need to understand casual structures of their environment, to understand why a particular event took place and to the source such an event can be ascribed. I discovered it is important to evaluate several differences between men and women. I reviewed relevant literature to support my research. in a research study by Weiner, he argued that people interpret environment in a way that they maintain positive self image. He further argued that people attribute their success and failures to factors that enable them to feel good about themselves. I also reviewed an article by Westman. Westman(2011) argues that the casual attribution deals with how individuals understand causes of their failures and successes. He argues that attributions can be viewed from three dimensions: stable or unstable, controllable or uncontrollable and internal or external. Individuals who attribute their successes to stable, internal and controllable factors are said to be highly motivated and continue to succeed than people who attribute their failure to unstable, uncontrollable and external factors. His research indicates that men and women attribute their behaviors or actions to different sources.In this research, different methods of collecting information and data were used. Primary sources used were interviews and conversations while secondary sources used includes journals. Research shows that there are differences between men and women attributions in technical classrooms. Attributions that students make in schools explain how their failures and successes are being affected by future expectations, decisions and results. This can be used to explain the causes of underrepresentation of girls in the field of engineering and computer science. The study revealed that there is no big difference between boy’s and, and girl’s on how they assess their accomplishments, in their perceptions and attributions for success or failure. However, girls behaved differently than boys. This was evident from the fact that boys asked more questions related to the field of study while girls asked questions of teachers and made few statements of self assurance. Research revealed that girls earned 30% of bachelor’s degree in computer science and 22% of bachelors degree in Engineering. This shows that girls are underrepresented in technological fields. The explanation for this under representation in sciences, mathematics and technology careers, are interaction of factors. These factors link achievements, efforts and enrollment decisions to girls’ expectations for success. Their expectation of success is influenced by their past successes, self perceptions on abilities and attribution of job value and difficulties (Shaver, 2009). Research reveals that females are socialized in a way that they have low self esteem and motivation in â€Å"male’ fields. This was explored by evaluating reasons that girls give for their failures and successes. It was found that students attribute failures and successes to four makes: effort, task difficulty, experience and luck. The four causes can then be sentenced as being internal or external to a person. Research showed that girls have a higher external locus of control than boys. This makes them less motivated. On the other hand, males view their energy and internal abilities as the reasons for their successes and failures (Medcof, 2008).Research distinguished four types of attributions. Girls have an external bias in their failures hence end up blaming themselves. They also have an external bias to success such that they do not take credit for their success. Males were seen to behave differently. They have an external bias to failure and an internal bias to success. Closer examination of externalities and internalities indicate that there is no complete design for girls and boys in success and failure. Girls are reported to have greater attribution of success to luck and attribute failure to task difficulty while men attribute their success to use of skill and bad luck to failure. These resultss do not rule out the possibility that controllability and stability could be the determining factors rather than externality and internality. Stability refers to what matters. Attributing the success to stable factors of low ability or task difficulty causes one to have a helpless attitude. Research revealed that the motivation is promoted by attributing success to high ability. It was found that males tend to take mastery oriented approach (Shaver, 2009). The interview was carried out to determine the attribution pattern in boys and girls. In an interview, boys and girls attributed uniformly their remembered success in reading or mathematics test to the ability. They all had a hard time answering questions about failure because it was difficult for students to imagine that failure was taking place. Chi-square test was used to compare the occurrences of observed verbal behaviors in boys and girls. The test was categorized into two; questions about peers and teachers. The second category is comments such as assured or unsure, success or failure and independent or dependent. The question asked sought to explore the differences in behavior between boys and girls. A significant number of questions were asked of peers and teachers (Chi-square= 15.85, p=.00, df=10). Both sexes addressed same number of questions to peers. However, girls asked more questions than that expected of teachers. Girls did not seem to have more problem than boys in t ask. Teacher proximity was also examined as a possible reason for girls asking more questions. Teacher questions were classified in terms of proximity of teachers when questions were asked. the three classifications include assisting teachers working in the group, close teachers and far teachers. The chi-test was significant (Medcof, 2008).test Chi-square p-value Degree of freedom. Questions addressed to peers and teachers 15.568 0.000* 1 Questions to teachers about teacher proximity 31.458 0.000** 2 Assured or Unsure Comments 4.834 0.208 1 Success/Failure Comments 2.303 0.105 1 * p < 0.05 ** p < 0.001It was seen that girls tackled more questions of teachers during the teachers during the teacher interaction with the group. Girls were also likely than expected to ask for teachers’ help even if it meant getting up and find a teacher. On the contrary, boys did not go to search for a teacher. It was also observed that girls asked more questions when teachers were close. The assured and unsure comments showed a statistically significant difference between male and female. Research found out that men and women can make mentally, motivating and realistic attributions. There are several factors that affect attribution. These factors include masculinity of the job, age of the participant, contrived versus authentic task, operational definition of failures and successes, operational definition of factors included, the relationship of attribution to expectations and beliefs. Differences between a man and a woman are strong when the job is considered to be performed better by men than women (Medcof, 2008). The field work was carried out to support the discussion of internal and external attributions.The field work was carried out with 20 participants (10 males and 10 females), and it aimed to find differences in attributional patterns between males and females. They were asked to read this paragraph: «One day John noticed that a neighbou, Bill, was planting some flowers in the garden. John had plenty of free time, so he helped Bill plant the flowers. Several weeks later, Bill, the man whom John had helped previously, noticed that John was painting a fence in his yard. Bill had plenty of free time, so he offered to help John paint his fence. »Afterwards, they were asked to say why they believed Bill helped John to see whether they would give reasons that suggest an internal attribution, for example,  «Because he likes to help » or an external attribution, for example «Because he owes him a favour. »The results were the following: Males: 6 gave reasons that suggested external attributions and 4 provided reasons that suggested internal ones. Females: 3 gave reasons that suggested external attributions and 7 provided reasons that suggested internal ones. Differences between men and women in internal attribution to effort and ability determines how one views his or her self worth. It was found that society placed high ability as a reason for this failure and men uses high ability as a reason for their successes. As people grow older, there is a direct relationship between ability and effort. Students can protect their self worth by preventing assessing their ability negatively such as attributing their failures to low effort (Stebbins, 2010). A survey of students in 4th and 6th grade before and immediately after taking a math or spelling exam found that there is sex differences in the way they attribute performance. Performance was different in the two genders because task was classified as either feminine or masculine. It was found out that men made stronger attributions to internal causes of success and external causes for failures in masculinity typed tasks. Similarly, women made stronger attributions for successes and more external attribution for failures in feminine typed tasks (Mcelroy, 2013). A research of the impact of age of participants on attribution showed that there is strong colleration . younger children are reported to attribute their effort to success than older children. As a child grows order, low achievers begin to determine their low ability and attribute it for failures. They start being less optimistic about their potential of efforts to success or to make them be smart. In attribution research, success is frequently operationally referred to as a minimum score. Success may also be defined by one’s self assessment (Mcelroy, 2013). Disturbing findings found out that girls view a certain level of score or accomplishment less favorable than boys with similar accomplishments. This research revealed that its individual’s perception about success that is important other than the objective grade. Attribution is found to have a relationship with beliefs, achievement behaviors and expectations. Meece(1982) established that if there is no linkage between students attribution to their beliefs and expectations, then there is no need of explaining sex differences in terms of persistence, performance and achievement behaviors of choice. Self derogatory attributions in girls result in low expectations for success in the future. Males have high confidence in their abilities which make them have high expectations of succeeding in the future. Females take less pride in their success because they attribute their success to unstable factors. Past failures and successes and attribution to such events leads to emotions of ha ppiness, guilt or shame. Unlike men, women may blame themselves when they are victimized sexually. Stereotypes and beliefs in various cultures blame females for sexual victimization. Supporting attitudes for sexual coercion include: female say, â€Å"no† when they mean â€Å"yes,† females who go to male houses means they are consenting to sex. Some cultures believe it is not bad to force a woman to have sex so long as they had engaged in a sexual relationship before, and that male cannot control their urge when aroused. Women are also blamed for sexual coercion for dressing provocatively. Women are encouraged in these cultures to â€Å"look at themselves† whenever they are victimized. Hence a woman attributes sexual coercion to herself. Self blame has been known to lead to depression symptoms, low self-esteem and trauma. Self blame and guilt refers to feelings that are unpleasant that accompany beliefs that one ought to have thought and acted differently with implications of insufficient justification and wrong doing. Self blame and guilt consist of distress, guilt feelings and internal attributions commonly referred to as a cognitive component. Research revealed further that women in abusive relationships blame themselves and have low self esteem. They make stronger internal attributions in sexual coercions than men. They also experience stronger guilt feelings than men (Stebbins, 2010). Conclusion                      It is clear that the socialization of females plays a important role in attribution. Girls are less likely than boys to take advantage of chances to get involved in â€Å"male† career like engineering and computer science. Girls who are considered successful in these courses and often attribute their success to performance exhibit a behavior that would be regarded as self depreciating. Such behaviors are learnt and internalized before an actual experience and before making attributions that are self depreciating. Teachers should provide positive technology experience for girls and also address cultural messages. They should also be aware of learning styles of girls and accommodate it. Attribution can be used to explain the difference between a man and a woman. From the research, attribution assumes that people are rational, systematic and logical thinkers. This is not true, and it has been criticized because it does not address social, historical and cultural factors that affect and shape attribution. References Bailey, R. C., & Stout, C. (2009). 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